Nixonbergmann8402

Evidence-based health promotion and disease prevention require incorporating evidence of the effectiveness of interventions into policy and practice. With the entry into force of the German Act to Strengthen Health Promotion and Prevention (PrävG), interventions that take place in people's everyday living environments have gained in importance. Decision-makers need to assess whether an evidence-based intervention is transferable to their specific target context. The Federal Centre for Health Education (BZgA) recommends that transferability of an intervention should be clarified before any decision to implement it. Furthermore, transferability needs to be finally determined after an evaluation in the target context. In this article, we elaborate on theoretical and practical implications of the concept of transferability for health promotion and disease prevention based on the Population-Intervention-Environment-Transfer Models of Transferability (PIET-T). We discuss how decision-makers can anticipate transferability prior to the intervention transfer with the help of transferability criteria and how they can take transferability into account in the further process. This includes the steps of the analysis of a health problem and identification of effective interventions, the steps of the initial transferability assessment and identification of the need for adaptation, and the steps of the implementation and evaluation. Considering transferability is a complex task that comes with challenges. But it offers opportunities to select a suitable intervention for a target context and, in the transfer process, to understand the conditions under which the intervention works in this context. This knowledge helps to establish an evidence base, which is practically relevant.

Ideally, health services and interventions to improve immunization rates should be tailored to local target populations, such as spatial clusters. However, to date, little attention has been paid to spatial clusters of underimmunization and have instead been typified based on small-scale data.

Using the example of vaccination against measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) in children, the present study aims to (1)identify the spatial distribution of insufficient MMR vaccination in Westphalia-Lippe on asmall scale, (2)identify specific, spatial risk clusters with insufficient vaccination protection, and (3)describe spatial-neighborhood influencing factors of the different risk clusters as starting points for public health interventions.

Account data from the Kassenärztliche Vereinigung Westfalen-Lippe (KVWL) were used as abasis. Birth cohorts 2013-2016 of children with statutory health insurance were formed and aggregated at postcode level (n = 410). Statistically significant, spatially compact clusters and rvariations in vaccination behavior based on identified typologies for targeted evidence-based interventions.The present study investigated the biofilm organisms growing on selected monuments of the Champaner Pavagadh complex (Gujarat, India), which is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The cyanobacteria and microalgae were isolated from biofilms collected through non-destructive methods. The identification of these biological organisms was done using micro-morphological characters and confirmed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The exopolysaccharide of each of the isolated strains was extracted, hydrolysed and analysed by the HPTLC. Six isolated strains representing five cyanobacteria and one microalga belong to the genera Desmonostoc, Nostoc, Leptolyngbya, Chroococcidiopsis and Asterarcys. The relationships between substrates' specificity of these isolated biofilm organisms and those identified globally were evaluated using maximum parsimony analysis to generate a consensus phylogenetic tree. The five strains of cyanobacteria isolated were closely clustered with cyanobacteria belonging to a tropical region. At the generic level, no relationship between the species and substratum specificity was recorded. The exopolysaccharide analysis of the isolated strains revealed the presence of seven monosaccharides. While glucose was present in all the analysed species, the concentration of either fucose or arabinose was high. The current study presents a novel HPTLC-based method for determination of monosaccharides composition from the extracellular polymeric substances.In a first step, essential oils were extracted from Eucalyptus globulus leaves, healthy and with symptoms and signs of Mycosphaerella leaf disease (MLD) and Teratosphaeria leaf disease (TLD), in two leaf stages. Stage 1 sessile, oval leaves covered by a waxy layer of a bluish colour, with opposite phyllotaxis, inserted along stems of quadrangular section. Stage 2 narrow and sickle leaves with a greyish green surface, mainly on the abaxial surface, inserted in alternating pairs along rounded stems. The essential oils were extracted by hydrodistillation and were analyzed by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. Chemical composition data and percentages of essential oil constituents were submitted to cluster analysis and principal component analysis. In a second step, under in vitro conditions, was evaluated the germination of Teratosphaeria nubilosa (one of the causal agents of TLD) ascospores in contact with the four types of essential oils extracted. The evaluations were performed at 24, 48 and 72 h after the experiments were assembled. The present study made it possible to distinguish and identify the chemical composition of essential oils from the eucalypt leaves used, and allowed 1,8-cineole to be identified as the major component for the essential oils investigated. The contact between essential oils and T. nubilosa spores allowed to prove the inhibition of the ascospores germination, being more efficient for the essential oils extracted from materials with the disease, which presented high amounts of 1,8-cineole.Episodic memory retrieval is fundamental for daily activities of humans and animals. Muscarinic cholinergic signaling is important for memory functioning and shows gender-dependent response in episodic memory retrieval. Dopamine D2 receptors influence memory formation and retrieval by influencing cholinergic signaling in the brain. This study aimed to determine the gender-dependent effects of D2 and muscarinic activity on memory retrieval. Male and female mice were trained for Morris water maze test and contextual fear conditioning. Memory retrieval was assessed following sub-chronic treatment (for 5 days) with D2 antagonist (risperidone 2.5 mg/kg) alone or in combination with scopolamine (1 mg/kg) or donepezil (1 mg/kg). selleck Open field test was performed prior to the retrieval test to evaluate effects of risperidone treatment on locomotor activity and exploratory behavior. Risperidone co-treatment with donepezil impaired spatial memory retrieval in males only. Muscarinic and D2 simultaneous antagonism tend to impair fear retrieval in males but significantly enhanced retrieval of fear memories in female mice.