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neuronal networks may similarly benefit from this novel approach.

Our findings suggest that tACS has the potential to reduce network-level hypersynchrony and pathological susceptibility to entrainment by sensory input. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first successful demonstration of desynchronization by noninvasive brain stimulation leading to reduced vertigo. Other disease states associated with pathological functional coupling of neuronal networks may similarly benefit from this novel approach.One of the most intriguing problems in biomedical sciences is the theory explaining cancer formation. It is known that cancer is the result of many molecular processes, the presence of oncogenic factors and the loss of apoptosis of affected cells. Caffeic Acid Phenethyl Ester in vivo We currently have hypotheses based on carcinogenesis because of a single cell gene mutation, i.e. somatic mutation theory (SMT), or disorders in tissue architecture and intercellular communication called (TOFT) Tissue Organization Field Theory. An attempt to combine these separate and compatible cause and effect pathways into one unified theory of cancer transformation is the theory of chaotic adaptation. The new interpretative model is the systemic-evolution theory of cancer (SETOC) which postulates disintegration between the symbiosis of "energy" and "information" in normal cells. There are also epidemiological studies confirming that some types of cancer arise from viral infection. So, let us ask the question, can one hypothesis explain all the features of cancer?Enhancing knowledge about neuroendocrine neoplasms causes the need to improve management of these tumors. Although these tumors are rare in clinical practice, their biological diversity makes both diagnostics and therapy a challenge for contemporary oncology. The article discusses the latest developments in the diagnostic procedures and methods of treatment of the cervical and ovarian neuroendocrine tumors. Algorithms are presented to understand the differences in therapeutic management in these malignancies.

The awareness of patients' rights among medical personnel and patients themselves, together with their opinions concerning these rights, is a challenging issue for health professionals. Patients' rights are very specific legal regulations that have been drafted to protect patients' dignity and autonomy. The main objective of this research was to assess the knowledge of patients' rights among medical personnel of health care institutions and among patients themselves. Specific objectives were also adopted, such as assessment of the impact of the mode of hospital admissions on the knowledge of patients' rights, analysis of factors influencing the knowledge of patients' rights and the analysis of sources of knowledge concerning patients' rights.

The study was conducted among two groups patients and medical personnel. A group of 618 patients (including 411 women and 207 men) and 901 medical professionals (doctors, nurses, midwives) was examined via a questionnaire designed to verify their knowledge of patientthe mode of admission to hospital is a factor determining the knowledge of applicable patients' rights, medical staff's lack of knowledge about existing patients' rights has a significant impact on exercising these rights or their violation.

Incomplete healing of the uterine scar after cesarean section may result in formation of a niche. The aim of this study is to identify the potential risk factors for the improper uterine healing after cesarean section in women with single layer, full thickness uterine closure with the use of two- and three-dimensional transvaginal ultrasonography.

204 women with a history of at least one low transverse cesarean section (CS) with a single layer uterine closure participated in the study. Residual myometrial thickness (RMT), adjacent myometrial thickness (AMT), width (W), depth (D) and volume of the niche, RMT/AMT, RMT/D, RMT/W ratio and clinical characteristics were analyzed.

A niche after cesarean section was found in 153 cases. However only five patients had a RMT < 2.2 mm, and 35 had an RMT/AMT ratio ≤ 0.5. The RMT and RMT/AMT ratio among women who had undergone more than one cesarean section was lower than among women who underwent the first cesarean section. No statistically significant relationship was found between the incidence of niche, its parameters and cervical dilation, uterine contractions, cesarean section in the second stage of labor, type of uterus incision expansion and flexion, operator's experience.

Healing of the uterine cesarean section scar in women with single-layer continuous suture covering the entire thickness of the myometrium, excluding the decidua is not affected by the mode of caesarean section, type of uterine incision expansion and flexion, operator's experience, stage of labor at the time of caesarean section.

Healing of the uterine cesarean section scar in women with single-layer continuous suture covering the entire thickness of the myometrium, excluding the decidua is not affected by the mode of caesarean section, type of uterine incision expansion and flexion, operator's experience, stage of labor at the time of caesarean section.

Uterine artery Doppler is frequently used in the first trimester and it is one of the more effective measurement methods in the prediction of preeclampsia and intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR). Progesterone is a hormone that is used quite frequently in various indications in obstetrics and gynecologic practice. We aimed to investigate the influence of progesterone on the uterine artery Doppler pulsatility index (PI) at 11-14 gestational weeks.

This study is a retrospective case-control study conducted in Selcuk University Faculty of Medicine between January and December 2019. Uterine artery Doppler PI values of patients using progesterone were compared with PI values of patients not using progesterone. Uterine artery PI was measured two times, left and right. Then the mean PI was calculated. All measurements were made by two operators and by the same ultrasonography machine RESULTS A total of 288 patients, 140 patients using progesterone and 148 patients not using progesterone were included in the study.