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9%) achieved endocrinological remission by surgery alone based on long-term endocrinological follow-up (median 50 months, range 32-81 months). The majority of the tumors were solid (21/31, 67.7%), and en bloc resection was possible in 16 patients (51.6%). Larger tumor size and tumor invasion into cavernous sinus and sphenoid sinus were strong predictors of lower rates of endocrinological remission. Immediate postoperative TSH level at 12 hours after surgery was the strongest predictor, with a 0.62 μIU/mL cutoff. Postoperative complications included CSF rhinorrhea in one patient and epistaxis in another patient, who underwent additional surgical treatment for the complications. CONCLUSIONS Tumor size and extent are major prognostic factors for both extent of resection and endocrinological remission. The consistency of TSHomas was more likely to be solid, which makes extracapsular dissection more feasible. Long-term remission of TSHomas could be predicted even during the early postoperative period.OBJECTIVE The ventral jugular foramen and the infrapetrous region are difficult to access through conventional lateral and posterolateral approaches. Endoscopic endonasal approaches to this region are obstructed by the eustachian tube (ET). This study presents a novel strategy for mobilizing the ET while preserving its integrity. Qualitative and quantitative comparisons with previous ET management paradigms are also presented. METHODS Ten dry skulls were analyzed. Four ET management strategies were sequentially performed on a total of 6 sides of cadaveric head specimens. Four measurement groups were generated in group A, the ET was intact and not mobilized; in group B, the ET was mobilized inferolaterally; in group C, the ET underwent anterolateral mobilization; and in group D, the ET was resected. ET range of mobilization, surgical exposure area, and surgical freedom were measured and compared among the groups. RESULTS Wide exposure of the infrapetrous region and jugular foramen was achieved by removing the 0.047]) and a 65.4% increase compared with that afforded by an intact ET position (67.2° ± 20.5° vs 40.6° ± 14.3° [p = 0.03]). CONCLUSIONS Anterolateral mobilization of the ET provides excellent access to the ventral jugular foramen and infrapetrous region. The surgical exposure obtained is superior to that achieved with other ET management strategies and is comparable to that obtained by ET resection.OBJECTIVE Sex hormone-binding globulin (SBHG) and androgen have been associated with mortality in women and men, but controversy still exists. Our objective was to investigate associations of SHBG and androgen with all-cause and cause-specific mortality in men and women. DESIGN 1006 men and 709 peri- and postmenopausal women (age range 45-82 years) from the German population-based KORA F4 cohort study were followed up for a median of 8.7 years. METHODS SHBG was measured with an immunoassay, total testosterone (TT) and dihydrotestosterone (DHT) with mass-spectrometry in serum samples and we calculated free testosterone (cFT). To assess associations between SHBG and androgen levels and mortality, we calculated hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) using Cox proportional-hazards models. RESULTS 128 men (12.7%) and 70 women (9.9%) died. In women, we observed positive associations of SHBG with all-cause (HR 1.54, 95% CI 1.16-2.04) and with other-cause mortality (HR 1.86, 95% CI 1.08-3.20) and for DHT with all-cause mortality (HR 1.32, 95% CI 1.00-1.73). In men, we found a positive association of SHBG (HR 1.24 95% CI 1.00-1.54) and inverse associations of TT (HR 0.87, 95% CI 0.77-0.97) and cFT (HR 0.84, 95% CI 0.73-0.97) with all-cause mortality. No other associations were found for cause-specific mortality. CONCLUSIONS Higher SHBG levels were associated with increased risk of all-cause mortality in men and women. Lower TT and cFT levels in men and higher DHT levels in women were associated with increased risk of all-cause mortality. Future, well-powered population-based studies should further investigate cause-specific mortality risk.Mineral and bone diseases (MBD) are predominant in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and leads to several bone manifestations, from pain to skeletal fractures. Cumulative traditional clinical risk factors, such as age and gender, in addition to those related to CKD, enhances the risk of comorbidity and mortality related to fractures. Despite great advances in understanding MBD in CKD, clinical and biological targets are lacking, which leads to under-management of fractures. Optimal PTH control results in a net improvement in defining the levels of bone remodeling. In addition, circulating biomarkers such as bone-specific alkaline phosphatase and cross-linked collagen type I peptide will also additional information about bone mineralization and evaluation of fracture risk. Imaging techniques will facilitate to characterize the patient at risk by the use of the measurement of bone mineral density by DEXA or by high peripheral computed tomography which allow the discrimination of trabecular and cortical bone. We here reviewed the literature related to the epidemiology and pathophysiological role of mineral and biochemical factors involved in CKD-MBD with a special focus in fracture risk. We also provide an algorithm that could be used for the management of bone diseases and the treatment decision. Finally, the combined expertise of clinicians from various disciplines is crucial for the best prevention of fractures.An increasing number of patients worldwide suffer from bone fractures that occur after low intensity trauma. Such fragility fractures are usually associated with advanced age and osteoporosis but also with long-term immobilization, corticosteroid therapy, diabetes mellitus, and other endocrine disorders. It is important to understand the skeletal origins of increased bone fragility in these conditions for preventive and therapeutic strategies to combat one of the most common health problems of the aged population. This review summarizes current knowledge pertaining to the phenomenon of micropetrosis (osteocyte lacunar mineralization). Talazoparib solubility dmso As an indicator of former osteocyte death, micropetrosis is more common in aged bone and osteoporotic bone. Considering that the number of mineralized osteocyte lacunae per bone area can distinguish healthy, untreated osteoporotic and bisphosphonate-treated osteoporotic patients, it could be regarded as a novel structural marker of impaired bone quality. Further research is needed to clarify the mechanism of lacunar mineralization and to explore whether it could be an additional target for preventing or treating bone fragility related to aging and various endocrine diseases.