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Data were analyzed using logistic regression. The self-medication rate was calculated at 26.3% that was different among different subgroups of the population. According to the model estimates, married (OR = 0.80, CI = 0.71-0.91) and housekeepers (OR = 0.79, CI = 0.67-0.93) had significantly lower self-medication. Moreover, the urban population (OR = 1.29, CI = 1.17-1.43), people without basic (OR = 1.32, CI = 1.10-1.58), and supplementary (OR = 1.18, CI = 1.04-1.35) health insurance and also people who had two or higher number of outpatient healthcare needs had significantly more self-medication (OR = 2.96, CI = 2.67-3.29). It can be concluded that need, enabling, and predisposing factors are respectively the main determinants of self-medication behavior. From a policy point of view, increasing effective health insurance coverage with a focus on people who have more health care needs can be helpful.Host modulation therapy is recently employed to improve periodontal treatments outcome. This randomized controlled clinical trial aimed to evaluate the effects of Semelil (ANGIPARS) as an adjunct to non-surgical treatment in patients with chronic periodontitis. Forty-four healthy subjects with moderate to severe chronic periodontitis were enrolled in the study. After completion of phase I periodontal therapy, including oral hygiene instruction, scaling, and root planing, the patients were randomly divided into two groups to receive capsules of Semelil (test) or placebo (control), consuming two capsules a day for three months. Clinical parameters (probing depth [PD], clinical attachment level [CAL], modified sulcular bleeding index [MSBI], modified gingival index [MGI], and plaque index [PI]) and biochemical parameters (interleukin-1β [IL-1β], 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine [8-OHdG]), and lipid peroxidation [LPO]) were measured at baseline and after completion of treatment. Twenty-five patients completed the study 15 in the test group and 10 in the control group. All clinical and biochemical parameters were significantly improved from baseline to the final measurements in both groups (p less then 0.001). Selleck Proteasome inhibitor The changes were more pronounced in the test group in comparison to the control group. However, the differences between the groups were significant only for MGI, MSBI, PD, and CAL (p less then 0.05). Semelil may reveal promising results as an adjunctive treatment for chronic periodontitis.The purpose of the current study was to prepare and characterize the targeted solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) containing docetaxel (DTX) for prostate cancer treatment. The goal has been achieved by locating anisamide (Anis) ligand on the surface of SLNs, which can interact with the overexpressed sigma receptor on the prostate cancer cells. DTX loaded SLNs were prepared by high shear homogenization and ultra-sonication method and optimized by applying experimental design. The average particle size and the entrapment efficiency of the optimum DTX-SLN were 174 ± 9.1 nm and 83 ± 3.34%, respectively. The results of differential scanning calorimetry showed that DTX had been dispersed as amorphous in the nanocarriers. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images confirmed the nanoscale size and spherical shape of the nanoparticles. The cytotoxicity studies have demonstrated that IC50 of free drug, DTX-SLN and DTX-SLN-Anis was 0.25 ± 0.01, 0.23 ± 0.02, 0.12 ± 0.01 nM on PC3 cell line and 20.9 ± 3.89, 18.74 ± 7.43, and 14.68 ± 5.70 nM on HEK293 cell line, respectively. Targeted DTX-SLN-Anis was acted more effectively on prostate cancer cells in comparison to DTX-SLN and free drug. The results of this study have depicted that the anti-cancer drug loaded in targeted SLNs can be a promising way for cancer treatment. In addition, performing in-vivo studies will be complementary to these findings.This study aimed to assess the additive value of olanzapine to a combination of ondansetron and dexamethasone to prevent chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV) in pediatric patients. A total of 40 patients between 4 to 18 years of age were enrolled in this randomized clinical trial. Both groups received a combination of ondansetron and dexamethasone, and 0.14 mg/kg olanzapine or matched placebo were administered for olanzapine and control groups, respectively. The primary end points were complete response and lack of nausea as far as three days after chemotherapy evaluated by the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Effects (CTCAE) v5.0 and the Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer (MASCC) Anti-emesis Tool (MAT). Side effects of olanzapine were also analyzed. In patients receiving the standard regimen of ondansetron and dexamethasone, nausea was observed in 10.5% and 21% of patients according to MAT and CTCAE scales, respectively. In the olanzapine group, 37.5% (MAT scale) and 31.3% (CTCAE scale) of patients developed nausea. Complete response was observed in 84% (MAT scale) and 94.7% (CTCAE scale) of patients in the placebo group receiving ondansetron and dexamethasone. In comparison, it was observed in 87.5% (MAT scale) and 81.25% (CTCAE scale) for patients allocated to the olanzapine group. Neither acute nor delayed CINV was statistically different between placebo and olanzapine groups. The frequency of adverse effects was higher in the olanzapine group. Adding olanzapine to the standard regimen of CINV prophylaxis was only unhelpful in pediatric patients receiving moderately emetogenic chemotherapy but also associated with a higher rate of minor side effects.The aim of this study was to develop and compare the pharmacokinetic property of testosterone undecanoate (TU) nano-/microcrystal suspension with three different particle sizes after intramuscular (i.m.) administration. TU nano-/microcrystal suspensions were prepared by high pressure homogenization method and the mean particle size was 0.30 ± 0.11 μm (A), 1.21 ± 0.37 μm (B), and 4.83 ± 0.60 μm (C), respectively. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) was employed to observe the morphology of nano-/microcrystal suspensions after operation. X-ray Powder diffraction (XRPD) confirmed the crystalline state of TU in nano-/microcrystal suspension. After storage at 4 °C and 25 °C under mechanical shaking for 2 months, physical and chemical stabilities of nano-/microcrystal suspensions were measured by particle size analyzer and high performance liquid chromatography. There was no obvious change in particle size distribution and content of TU. After i.m. administration of suspension C to rats, the concentration of TU in plasma lasted for nearly 12 days that was comparative with the commercial testosterone undecanoate injection. The results showed that microcrystal C with a larger particle size had long-acting effect comparing with other two suspensions. The muscle irritation test in rabbits showed that the local irritation of TU nano-/microcrystal suspensions was lower than that of commercial testosterone undecanoate injection. It can be concluded that appropriate particle size of nano-/microcrystal suspensions for i.m. administration of TU was important to achieve better therapeutic effect.The aim of the current study was to investigate the preventive and curative effect of Atriplex halimus L. (Ah) extract against the kidney damages induced by Sodium benzoate (SB) in rats. Thirty male albino rats were divided into five groups of 6 rats each Control, Ah, SB, AhP+SB and SB+AhC. SB (100 mg/kg b.w) was added to drinking water for 15 weeks. Aqueous extract of aerial parts of Atriplex halimus received intragastrically during the last 30 days of SB exposure for curative treatment (AhC) and all the duration of SB exposure for preventive treatment (AhP). Some Biochemical markers, oxidative stress parameters and histopathology of kidney tissue were studied. Administration of Sodium benzoate to rats caused a loss of weight and a significant elevation in creatinine, urea, renal malondialdehyde levels and lactate dehydrogenase activity. These changes were accompanied by decreasing in antioxidant defenses, like reduced glutathione level, catalase and glutathione S transferase activities in the kidney. Histopathological studies showed a massive degeneration in kidney tissue in SB-exposed rats. However, treatment with Atriplex halimus (A. halimus) restored the altered of biochemical and oxidative stress markers. A. halimus also regenerated the architectural kidneys lesions to near control. With more protection offered in the curative than preventive models of treatment. In conclusion, the results demonstrate that Sodium benzoate damages kidney structure and function and is a nephrotoxic substance. Atriplex halimus was able to improve the renal damage as an antioxidant and a nephroprotective agent.The lack of transparency and predictability seems to remain one of the major complaints in the pharmaceutical pricing procedure in Iran, but there is not enough official evidence to support it. The main objective of this study was to identify influential variables officially or unofficially influencing the pharmaceuticals pricing in Iran and also clarifying the degree of importance of each variable from the viewpoints of two groups the pricing Commission members (owners of pricing procedure) and other stakeholders in the pharmaceutical sector. Semi-structured interviews with experts were performed to extract the influential variables. A Likert scale questionnaire was designed based on extracted variables and used in above-mentioned two groups of experts. The validity and reliability of the questionnaire were assessed before use. About 68 influential variables were extracted which classified into eight categories or domains. Less than 50% of extracted influential variables on pharmaceutical pricing have been mentioned in Iran pricing regulations. There were statistically significant differences between the two group's viewpoints in terms of importance and effect of some variables on pricing procedure. Conflict of interest, lack of transparency and a sound framework were found as the main problems in Iran pharmaceutical pricing procedure and may lead to "case-by-case" decision making. As such, the output of the pricing commission is not transparent and predictable for its beneficiaries.Cancer is one of the most important causes of death all around the world. Screening plants and their secondary metabolites as cytotoxic agents is one of the common methods for identifying new compounds used in chemotherapy and inhibition cancer process. Caesalpinia bonduc (L.) Roxb. from the Fabaceae family was used for improving wound, fever, tumor, hydrocele, hernia, smallpox, toothache, inflammation, and as astringent, anthelmintic, antidiabetic, and antimalarial agent in traditional medicine. A bioassay-guided study of this species led to the isolation of three flavonoids. At first, the cytotoxicity of methanol extract of aerial parts (leaves and stems), seeds, and legumes of this plant was tested against MCF-7 and PC-3 by MTT assay. The methanol extract of legumes showed better inhibitory activities (IC50 less then 500 µg/mL). As a result, this extract was selected for fractionation. In the next step, the ethyl acetate (EtOAc) fraction was selected for phytochemical analysis based on the inhibitory activity (IC50 = 170 ± 0.