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14% and 1.04%, respectively. Prevalence rate of hearing loss (in all frequencies) in boys was higher than that in girls. There was a strong association between a history of otitis media and sensorineural or conductive hearing loss (adjusted odds ratio reported as 12.2 and 8.1, respectively). Conclusion In this study, the rate of hearing loss in the participants was approximately 2%. It was concluded that the screening of hearing loss in children is necessary for the identification and management of these children as early as possible. It is recommended to perform further trials to investigate the impact of different causes on childhood hearing impairment.Introduction Long-standing chronic otitis media (COM) may lead to sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL). check details The present study aimed to evaluate the factors affecting the sensorineural component to counsel patients regarding the risk of SNHL at the event of untreated COM. Material and Methods A time-bound cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of Otorhinolaryngology at a tertiary care hospital. The study population included the study group comprising 137 patients with chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM) and the control group which consisted of 137 individuals with the same age range and gender as the case study group. Moreover, the hearing was assessed using a pure tone audiogram and special tests of hearing. Results Based on the findings of the present study, the SNHL was found in 71.4% of CSOM cases with an ear discharge duration of more than 5 years. The SNHL occurred in 55.2% and 44.7% of the cases with pars flaccida and of pars tensa perforations, respectively. In the case of pars tensa perforation, greater perforation size resulted in a steady increase in the odds of developing SNHL. Patients with subtotal and total perforations were at higher risk of developing SNHL. Conclusion Patients with longer duration of disease, squamous type of disease, and larger size of pars tensa perforation had greater susceptibility to develop SNHL. Therefore, eradication of the disease from the middle ear and early reconstruction of the hearing mechanism during the course of the disease result in reducing the burden of SNHL.Introduction Iron plays an important role in myelination. Ferritin is a reliable indicator of the tissue iron store and umbilical cord ferritin level reflects the in utero iron stores. Objective is to study the effect of the umbilical cord ferritin level on the ABR recording in the newborn. Materials and Methods The study was conducted in a tertiary care hospital in India with a sample of 250. The study group was divided into Group A (with umbilical cord ferritin level of ≤ 75ng/ml) and Group B (umbilical cord ferritin level > 75ng/ml). Correlation analysis was carried out to study the relation between ferritin level and latency of wave I,III and V. Two sample t test was done between the two groups to study the significance of latency and amplitude of various ABR waves. Results There was no correlation between the ferritin and ABR threshold as well as latency and amplitude of ABR waves. A significant prolongation of the absolute latency of wave V and the interwave latency of III - V and I -V of both the ears was found in Group A. The amplitude of the ABR waves did not show any statistical difference between the two groups. Conclusion Ferritin levels effect the latency of wave V of ABR and this may be attributed to slow conduction time secondary to altered myelination. Measurement of serum ferritin may be considered as a routine protocol in newborn babies after delivery or before discharge from hospital.Introduction Smell Identification Tests (SIT) are routinely utilized for the clinical evaluation of olfactory function. Since Iran consists of various ethnic subgroups, the reliability and validity of this test as a national SIT are required to be evaluated across the country. Materials and Methods This cross-sectional study evaluated the cultural adaptation of SIT administered to 420 healthy volunteers from 6 various ethnic subgroups (i.e., Fars, Turk, Kurd, Lor, Baluch, and Arab) living in 7 cities (one city for each subgroup, and Tehran [capital of Iran] with mixed ethnicities). The SIT consists of pens pre-filled with 24 odorants. The correct identification response rate was evaluated in all and each subgroup. The test was performed twice on 60 participants with a 2-week interval to assess its reliability. The SIT was further administered to 150 cases with documented abnormal olfactory function to evaluate its validity. Results The correct identification response rate was estimated at 70% for all odorants in all and each subgroup. The mean odor identification score was 21.41±1.37 (score range 17- 24) with no significant difference among various subgroups. Moreover, the test-retest correlation coefficient was obtained at 0.77. The mean odor identification score in patients with olfactory impairment was 10.69±3.76, which was significantly different from that in healthy participants (P less then 0.001). The best cut-point for the beginning of olfactory impairment was 17.5 (95% CI 9-100, Sensitivity=99, Specificity=81). Females obtained higher scores of odor identification, compared to males (P=0.025). Conclusion The results indicated the reliability and validity of the SIT, which can be used nationally for the assessment of olfactory function in various ethnic subgroups across the country.Aim The aim of this study was to evaluate the prognostic significance of the preoperative systemic immune-inflammation index (SII) and to establish a nomogram for prediction of survival of tongue squamous cell carcinoma (TSCC) patients who underwent primary surgery and cervical dissection. Methods 120 patients diagnosed with TSCC who underwent primary tumor and neck dissection without preoperative treatment were included to develop the nomogram. This model was externally validated in an independent data cohort of 50 TSCC patients. X-tile software was used to identify the optimal cut-off value. Prognostic factors were identified by Univariate and multivariate analyses. A nomogram based on the multivariate analysis results was built to predict the survival rate and calibration curves and concordance index (C-index) were used to determine predictive and discriminatory capacity. Results The optimal cut-off value was 569×109/L for SII. In the training cohort, a high preoperative SII (>569) was significantly related to tumor size, histological grade, depth of invasion, lymph node density (LND).