Newtonfoldager3645

Sand lance collected in the fall (buried in sediment during presumed winter dormancy) had lower lipid content and up to four times higher PCB concentrations than comparably sized fish collected in the spring (by beach seine). Lipid content was 5-8% in spring fish and was reduced in fall fish (1-3%). Male sand lance had higher PCB concentrations than comparable females. All egg samples contained PCBs, and the lipid normalized egg/female concentration ratios were close to 1 (0.87-0.96), confirming that maternal transfer of PCBs occurred, resulting in sand lance eggs and early life stages being contaminated with PCBs even before they are exposed to exogenous sources. #link# These life stages are prey for an even wider range of species than consume adult sand lance, creating additional exposure pathways for biota and increasing the challenges for mitigation of PCBs in the food web.Iturin A, a cyclic lipopeptide produced by Bacillus subtilis, has great potential in removal of Ag+ from water, but the mechanisms and kinetic remain unclear. By comparison with the chain peptide (CP) that has the same amino acid sequence as iturin A, the mechanisms were found as iturin A reduced Ag+ to Ag0 and formed silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) via the groups of Ar-OH, CO, -NH-, O=C-O, and -C(CH).The cycle peptide fraction played an important role for the faster formation of AgNPs by iturin A than by CP. The overall Ag+ removal process by iturin A and CP could be well described by a Freundlich isotherm, with the equilibrium Ag+ removal capacity ranging from 58.41 to 61.03 mg/g within 293.15-333.15 K for iturin A. With the application of iturin A, the overall removal rate of Ag+ reached 91.8% in wastewater, the formed AgNPs could be easily recovered via charging the direct electric current, and the toxicity of Ag+ to paddy growth was greatly reduced.Bi2WO6 possesses good stability but poor photocatalytic activity under visible light. Herein, the coupling of Bi2WO6, Fe3O4 and biochar (Bi2WO6/Fe3O4/BC) was investigated to enhance the photocatalytic performance of Bi2WO6 through facile hydrothermal method, which almost completely degraded ofloxacin (OFL) and ciprofloxacin (CIP) within 30 min under energy-saving visible LED irradiation. The superior photocatalytic activity of Bi2WO6/Fe3O4/BC was ascribed to the stronger visible light adsorption capacity and the lower recombination of electron-hole pairs. O2- played a major role during the photocatalytic reaction. The characterization results suggested that the introduction of biochar avoided the agglomeration of Bi2WO6 microspheres and Fe3O4 nanoparticles, at the same time, the biochar participated in OFL and CIP photodegradation by consuming different oxygen-containing functional groups. In order to further evaluate the application potential of Bi2WO6/Fe3O4/BC, the effects of environment factors and the application in different actual water were carefully investigated. Various transformation products and the possible degradation pathways of OFL and CIP were analyzed based on high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) results, moreover, the toxicity evaluation results of Escherichia coli indicated these intermediates products were less toxic compared OFL and CIP. Overall, Bi2WO6/Fe3O4/BC can provide a potential way for the application of photocatalytic technology in ambient wastewater purification.In response to carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, numerous studies have investigated the link between CO2 emissions and urban structures, and pursued low-carbon development from the standpoint of urban spatial planning. However, most of previous efforts only focused on urban structures in term of two-dimensional space, whereas the vertical influence of urban buildings (three-dimensional space) plays an important role in CO2 emissions. To address this issue, we took the cities in mainland China as study case to quantitatively explore how the three-dimensional urban structure affects CO2 emissions. First, we collected the city-level CO2 emission data from a greenhouse gas emission dataset released by the China City Greenhouse Gas Working Group. Then, a series of spatial metrics were established to quantify three-dimensional urban structures based on urban building data derived from Baidu Map. On the strength of the Stochastic Impacts by Regression on Population, Affluence, and Technology (STIRPAT) model, an extendor the development of a low-carbon city, and suggest the compact patterns of three-dimensional urban structures should be controlled within a reasonable range to avoid more CO2 emissions caused by excessive centralization and aggregation.Nonradical persulfate oxidation processes have emerged as a new wastewater treatment method due to production of mild nonradical oxidants, selective oxidation of organic pollutants, and higher tolerance to water matrixes compared with radical persulfate oxidation processes. Since the case of the nonradical activation of peroxydisulfate (PDS) was reported on CuO surface in 2014, nonradical persulfate oxidation processes have been extensively investigated, and much achievement has been made on realization of nonradical persulfate activation processes and understanding of intrinsic reaction mechanism. Therefore, in the review, nonradical pathways and reaction mechanisms for oxidation of various organic pollutants by PDS and peroxymonosulfate (PMS) are overviewed. Tolinapant for degradation of organic pollutants are summarized, which include surface activated persulfate, catalysts-free or catalysts mediated electron transfer, 1O2, high-valent metals, and newly derived inorganic oxidants (e.g., HOCl and HCO4-). Among them, the direct oxidation processes by persulfate, nonradical based persulfate activation by inorganic/organic molecules and in electrochemical methods is first overviewed. Moreover, nonradical based persulfate activation mechanisms by metal oxides and carbon materials are further updated. Furthermore, investigation methods of interaction between persulfate and catalyst surface, and nature of reactive species are also discussed in detail. Finally, the future research needs are proposed based on limited understanding on reaction mechanism of nonradical based persulfate activation. The review can offer a comprehensive assessment on nonradical oxidation of organic pollutants by persulfate to fill the knowledge gap and provide better guidance for future research and engineering application of persulfate.