Napierkonradsen0844

Overall, cystatin C was associated with cognitive performance, brain imaging pathology, and decline to dementia in this oldest-old cohort.Microplastics (MP) are a persistent and silent threat to the environment and are already considered a significant problem in aquatic environments. However, the presence of MP in soils and terrestrial ecosystems has been largely unexplored. Recent research has identified the risk of MP transfer from terrestrial agriculture to the human food chain. Thus, MP should be treated as a future threat to food safety and sustainable agriculture. Several reviews have focused on MP effects within global environmental matrices. However, scant investigations on the disposition, ecological impact and remediation strategies of MP have been reported in case of unexplored soil ecosystems as compared to aquatic ecosystems. Therefore, this review focuses on the contemporary global MP research with respect to research opportunities and related challenges of MP for the soil and terrestrial ecosystem from a Bangladesh perspective.In recent decades, freshwater ecosystems have been threatened worldwide by multiple simultaneous stressors, including eutrophication, climate change and competing demands for water sources. However, understanding of the long-term variation of zooplankton communities remains limited because long-term observations are lacking. Here, using a long-term (19 year) monitoring dataset, we demonstrate the spatio-temporal variation of zooplankton communities in Lake Taihu, a large, shallow, heterogenous lake in China. With the development of eutrophication, the abundance and biomass of zooplankton first increased from 1998 to 2004, and then exhibited a decreasing trend thereafter. Specifically, the population of rotifer dramatically declined after 2001, while the abundance of copepod and cladoceran showed an increasing trend even though their biomass decreased significantly after 2008. The dominance of small cladocerans (Bosmina coregoni and Ceriodaphnia cornuta) and copepod (Limnothora sinensis) significantly increased with decreasing rotifer density after 2014. Moreover, the zooplankton community structure exhibited heterogenous spatial population dynamics. Cladoceran and rotifer were predominant in cyanobacteria-dominated regions, while a higher proportion of copepod were found in macrophyte-dominated regions. Analyses revealed that zooplankton communities were strongly affected by climate warming and nutrients. These results reinforce previous work demonstrating that the development of eutrophication and climate warming could change the structure of zooplankton community and increase the dominance of small-bodied crustacean. Our findings address the recognized gap in understanding the variation of the zooplankton community in Lake Taihu, and provide an opportunity to evaluate ongoing changes in the zooplankton community related to future environmental change scenarios.The failure of insulin-producing β-cells is the underlying cause of hyperglycemia in diabetes mellitus. β-cell decay has been linked to hypoxia, chronic inflammation, and oxidative stress. Thioredoxin (Trx) proteins are major actors in redox signaling and essential for signal transduction and the cellular stress response. We have analyzed the cytosolic, mitochondrial, and extracellular Trx system proteins in hypoxic and cytokine-induced stress using β-cell culture, isolated pancreatic islets, and pancreatic islet transplantation modelling low oxygen supply. Protein levels of cytosolic Trx1 and Trx reductase (TrxR) 1 significantly decreased, while mitochondrial Trx2 and TrxR2 increased upon hypoxia and reoxygenation. Interestingly, Trx1 was secreted by β-cells during hypoxia. Moreover, murine and human pancreatic islet grafts released Trx1 upon glucose stimulation. Survival of transplanted islets was substantially impaired by the TrxR inhibitor auranofin. Since a release was prominent upon hypoxia, putative paracrine effects of Trx1 on β-cells were examined. In fact, exogenously added recombinant hTrx1 mitigated apoptosis and preserved glucose sensitivity in pancreatic islets subjected to hypoxia and inflammatory stimuli, dependent on its redox activity. Human subjects were studied, demonstrating a transient increase in extracellular Trx1 in serum after glucose challenge. This increase correlated with better pancreatic islet function. Moreover, hTrx1 inhibited the migration of primary murine macrophages. In conclusion, our study offers evidence for paracrine functions of extracellular Trx1 that improve the survival and function of pancreatic β-cells.Background Many neuroprotective approaches targeting neurons in animal models fail to provide benefits for the treatment of ischemic stroke in clinic and glial cells have become the targets in some basic studies. Baicalin has neuroprotective effects but the mechanisms related to glial cells are not revealed. This study investigated whether and how baicalin can combat excitotoxicity via protecting the functions of astrocytes in early stage of ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) insult by focusing on glutamine synthetase (GS). Experimental approach The role of baicalin was explored in primary astrocytes exposed to oxygen-glucose deprivation/reperfusion (OGD/R) and rats subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion (MCAO/R). Key results Mitochondrial succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) activation led to an excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) via reverse electron transport (RET) under conditions of OGD/R or I/R, which increased the carbonylation and proteasomal degradation of GS in astrocytes. Treatment of baicalin decreased the oxidative stress mediated by SDH and reduced the subsequent loss of GS. MYK461 This effect increased the glutamate disposal by astrocytes and protected neurons from excitotoxicity in response to I/R insults. Conclusions and implications Baicalin inactivated SDH to suppress ROS production and protected GS protein stability against oxidative stress, contributing to the improvement of the glutamate disposal and decrease in excitotoxicity. These results suggest that protection of GS stability in astrocytes might be an effective strategy to prevent neuronal injury in acute ischemic stroke.