Nancechan6059

Background High-dose (HD) influenza vaccine, currently the most commonly used vaccine among US seniors (aged ≥ 65 years), has been shown to be more efficacious than standard-dose (SD) vaccine in multiple randomized trials. This study evaluated the real-world relative vaccine effectiveness (rVE) of HD vs SD over four influenza seasons. Methods This study included Medicare Fee-for-Service enrollees who received HD or SD at an outpatient clinic or pharmacy during influenza seasons 2011-2012 through 2014-2015. Probable influenza (an inpatient stay with an influenza diagnosis on the claim, or an outpatient visit with a rapid influenza test/culture followed by an antiviral prescription) was assessed among HD recipients matched 11 with SD recipients by location, vaccination date, age, and sex. Fine-Gray subdistribution hazard models with competing risk of death were used to adjust for residual confounding. Analyses were stratified by outpatient vs pharmacy vaccination. Results Across the four influenza seasons, there were 535,598, 1,017,552, 1,548,164, and 2,420,450 in the pharmacy cohort; and 821,662, 1,151,080, 1,559,488, and 2,421,758 in the outpatient cohort. During peak influenza season, rVEs for 2011-12 through 2014-15 were 21.8% (95% CI -5.9%, 42.3%), 14.8% (9.3%, 19.9%), 16.9% (9.2%, 23.9%), and 17.2% (14.5%, 19.9%), respectively, in the pharmacy cohort; and 16.5% (-5.9%, 34.2%), 15.1% (10.9%, 19.1%), 10.0% (2.9%, 16.6%), and -0.2% (-3.0%, 2.5%), respectively, in the outpatient cohort. Conclusion HD was consistently associated with better protection against probable influenza. The lower treatment effect observed in the outpatient cohort could reflect provider bias due to physicians triaging HD to frailer patients.Few public health interventions can match the immense achievements of immunization in terms of mortality and morbidity reduction. However, progress in reaching global coverage goals and achieving universal immunization coverage have stalled; with key stakeholders concerned about the accuracy of reported coverage figures. Incomplete and incorrect data has made it challenging to obtain an accurate overview of immunization coverage, particularly in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC). To date, only one literature review concerning immunization data quality exists. However, it only included articles from Gavi-eligible countries, did not go deep into the characteristics of the data quality problems, and used a narrow 'data quality' definition. This scoping review builds upon that work; exploring the "state of data quality" in LMIC, factors affecting data quality in these settings and potential means to improve it. Only a small volume of literature addressing immunization data quality in LMIC was found and definitions of 'data quality' varied widely. Data quality was, on the whole, considered poor in the articles included. Coverage numerators were seen to be inflated for official reports and denominators were inaccurate and infrequently adjusted. Numerous factors related to these deficiencies were reported, including health information system fragmentation, overreliance on targets and poor data management processes. Factors associated with health workers were noted most frequently. selleck products Authors suggested that data quality could be improved by ensuring proper data collection tools, increasing workers' capacities and motivation through training and supervision, whilst also ensuring adequate and timely feedback on the data collected. The findings of this scoping review can serve as the basis to identify and address barriers to good quality immunization data in LMICs. Overcoming said barriers is essential if immunization's historic successes are to continue.Duck hepatitis A virus type 3 (DHAV-3) is an important pathogen that causes substantial losses in the Chinese duck industry. DHAV-3 is highly fatal to ducklings and there is no licensed vaccine in China available to reduce DHAV-3 infection. Our goal was to develop a live attenuated vaccine candidate against DHAV-3. A field isolated strain, SD, was attenuated by serially passaging in specific-pathogen-free (SPF) chicken embryos, and it lost its pathogenicity after 40 passages. The 70th passaged strain (SD70), which achieved good growth capacity in chicken embryos with a viral titer of 107.5 ELD50/mL, was chosen to be the live attenuated vaccine candidate. The SD70 strain did not cause clinical signs of disease or mortality in 1-day-old ducklings and showed no virulence reversion after seven rounds of in vivo back passages. The minimum effective dose of SD70 was determined to be 102.5 ELD50 via the vaccination route of subcutaneous inoculation. A single dose of the SD70 provided good protection to susceptible ducklings against the lethal DHAV-3 strain. Compared with the genomic sequence of the parent SD strain, the SD70 had 12 amino acid substitutions, some of which may play a role in virulence attenuation. This study demonstrated that the attenuated SD70 strain is a promising vaccine candidate for the prevention of DHAV-3 infection in China. It exhibited safety, good stability and excellent protection.Background Tapinarof cream is a topical therapeutic aryl hydrocarbon receptor modulating agent (TAMA) under investigation for treatment of psoriasis and atopic dermatitis. Methods In a phase IIb, double-blind, vehicle-controlled study, adults with plaque psoriasis were randomized to tapinarof cream 0.5% or 1% once (QD) or twice daily (BID) or vehicle QD or BID for 12 weeks with 4-week follow-up. Efficacy outcomes included Physician Global Assessment (PGA) scores, change in PGA and total target lesion grading scores, and proportion of subjects achieving ≥50%, ≥75%, and ≥90% reductions in Psoriasis Area and Severity Index scores from baseline (PASI50, 75, and 90). Results At week 12, improvements were observed in all tapinarof groups versus vehicle in PGA response, change in PGA and total target lesion grading scores, PASI50 (71-92% versus 10-32%), PASI75 (46-65% versus 5-16%), and PASI90 (18-40% versus 0%); all differences were statistically significant with tapinarof 1%QD. Tapinarof responses were apparent from week 2, with significant efficacy at week 8 maintained through week 16.