Murdockskovsgaard8022

Conclusions Improvement of living conditions, with emphasis on working conditions as one of the intermediary social determinants, will play an important role in promoting PMH. Copyright © 2019 International Journal of Preventive Medicine.Background Urinary tract infection (UTI) is one of the most common infectious diseases ranking next to upper respiratory tract infections. UTIs are often significantly associated with morbidity and mortality. The inappropriate administration of antibiotics to treat these infections increased infection resistance to antibiotics. The aim of this study is to determine the frequency of antibiotic resistance pattern in UTIs. Methods We searched several databases including PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Google Scholar, Iran Medex, Magiran, IranDoc, MedLib, and Scientific Information Database to identify the studies addressing antibacterial resistance patterns of the most common uropathogenic bacteria in UTIs in Iran. A total of 90 reports published from different regions of Iran from 1992 to May 2015 were involved in this study. Results It is shown that the most common pathogen causing UTIs is Escherichia coli with 62%. The resistance among the isolates of E. selleck chemical coli was as follows ampicillin (86%), amoxicillin (76%), tetracycline (71%), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (64%), cephalexin (61%), and cefalothin (60%). The highest sensitivity among isolates of E. coli was as follows imipenem (86%), nitrofurantoin (82%), amikacin (79%), chloramphenicol (72%), and ciprofloxacin (72%). Conclusions The results of this study showed that the most common resistance are antibiotics that are commonly used. The most effective antibiotics for E. coli were imipenem, nitrofurantoin, amikacin, chloramphenicol, and ciprofloxacin. Considering this study, it had better, use less gentamicin, second-generation cephalosporins, and nalidixic acid in the initial treatment of infections caused by E. coli, and no use penicillins, tetracyclines, cotrimoxazole, and first-generation cephalosporins. Copyright © 2019 International Journal of Preventive Medicine.Background The aim was to determine validity, reliability, and cutoff of full-mini nutritional assessment (MNA) and MNA-short form (SF) also which one was better for the screening of malnutrition in the Iranian hospitalized elderly. Methods In this cross-sectional validation study, 96 hospitalized elderly ≥60 years selected from two hospitals in Tehran. Anthropometric measures (body mass index [BMI], mid-arm circumference [MAC], calf circumference [CC], abdomen, and waist skinfold thickness) and laboratory tests (albumin and hemoglobin levels, and red blood cell count were performed. Nutrition tools (full-MNA and MNA-SF), cognition tool (mini-mental state examination, depression scale (Geriatric Depression Scale15 and activities of daily living (ADL) index (Modified Barthel-ADL) were administered. Results The full-MNA scores were significantly correlated to measures of MAC, BMI, waist, and CC. The MNS-SF scores were significantly related to measures of MAC, waist, and CC. Serum albumin showed a poor correlation with both tools. At cutoff 24 in full-MNA had a sensitivity 75% and specificity 77.8% and the MNA-SF considered 62.5% sensitivity and 65.3% specificity at cutoff 10.50 to detect well-nourished from malnourished subjects. The internal consistencies of both tools were >90%. In exploratory factor analysis, six components found for full-MNA and two components for MNA-SF. Known group validity of full-MNA was reflected significant differences between geriatric patients with expected higher full-MNA scores and patients with expected lower scores (BMI ≥24 vs. BMI less then 24 or bed ulcer or assisted food intake). Conclusions It seems the Persian version of full-MNA is more appropriate in comparison to MNA-SF for screening malnutrition in the Iranian hospitalized elderly patients. Copyright © 2019 International Journal of Preventive Medicine.Background Since women's readiness for dietary behavioral change can be one of the most effective fundamental measures for reducing dietary salt intake in line with preventing chronic diseases in developing countries, the present study is aimed to determine the readiness for behavioral change in discretionary salt intake among women living in Tehran. Methods The present cross-sectional study was conducted on 561 women referring to the women care units across city of Tehran. The self-administered questionnaire included assessment of nutrition-related knowledge on salt intake and its association with diseases, discretionary salt intake, stages of change, and self-efficacy of women. In addition, the logistic regression test was used to determine the predictors of women's readiness for behavioral change in discretionary salt intake. Results 40% women had someone in the family who had such a limitation (salt intake-limited exposure group), while 81.6% always or often added salt to their foods. Moreover, one-third of the participants were in the stage of pre-contemplation and 41.2% were in the stage of preparation for reducing salt intake. Self-efficacy and salt intake-limited exposure were the two most important determinants of the women's readiness for behavioral change in discretionary salt intake, respectively (OR = 1.1 95% CI 1.06--1.14 P less then 0.001; OR = 1.58, 95% CI 1.03--2.42 P less then 0.03). Conclusions Results of the present study showed that increased self-efficacy is associated with higher levels of behavioral change among women. Since self-efficacy is very important for initiating and maintaining the behavioral change, women's empowerment for reducing salt intake necessitates putting the emphasis on increased self-efficacy as well as community-based nutritional interventions. Copyright © 2019 International Journal of Preventive Medicine.Background Breast cancer has an impact not only on those who are diagnosed, but also on their social network, creating an even greater need for the availability of reliable information and support. Methods The purpose of this study was to document the content of posts on the highly popular social media platform, Instagram. Posts were garnered and analyzed from Instagram using the hashtag #breastcancer. Data were collected at three different points in time in 2018 and were then aggregated. Results The most common attributes were highlighting an individual story (n = 76), discussing support for those with breast cancer (n = 75), discussing treatment (n = 55), or promoting an alternative treatment or product (n = 24). Posts that contained images of people were more likely highlight an individual story (P = 0.001) and discuss treatment (P = 0.046). Conclusions Future research can focus on best practices for developing breast cancer-related information on social media. Copyright © 2019 International Journal of Preventive Medicine.