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5 times more likely to be infected than females whereas the divorced had higher odds of being infected (OR = 14.8). Participants who kept animals had a higher prevalence (11.4%) than those that did not (7.0%). Those that shared water with neighbors were 5.7 times more likely to be infected than those who did not. We conclude that Cryptosporidium infection is prevalent among HIV positive adults in Namwala district and infection is associated with sex, marital status and sharing water sources among neighbors. Community sensitization is required to create awareness and reduce human exposure to Cryptosporidium infection. Copyright © 2020 Sinyangwe, Siwila, Muma, Chola and Michelo.Although motor imagery has been pointed as a promising strategy for the rehabilitation of children with neurological disorders, information on their development throughout childhood and adolescence is still scarce. For instance, it is still unclear at what age they reach a development comparable to the motor imagery performance observed in adults. Herein we used a mental rotation task to assess motor imagery in 164 typically developing children and adolescents, which were divided into four age groups (6-7, 8-9, 10-11, and 12-13 years) and 30 adults. The effects of biomechanical constraints, accuracy, and reaction time of the mental rotation task were considered. ANOVA showed that all groups had the effect of biomechanical restrictions of the mental rotation task. We found a group effect for accuracy [F (4, 180) = 17,560; p 0.05). Concluding, children aged 6-7 years were able to perform motor imagery, motor imagery ability improved as the participants' ages increased, and children aged 10 and over-performed similarly to adults. Copyright © 2020 Souto, Cruz, Fontes, Batista and Haase.Objective The objective of the study is to test whether the use of edible oil might be an early treatment strategy for reducing button battery-induced esophageal injury. Methods A button battery was inserted into esophageal segments collected from pigs. The esophageal segments were randomly allotted to one of the following six treatments (1) untreated (nothing injected), (2) lemon juice, (3) orange juice, (4) colza oil, (5) peanut oil, and (6) olive oil. Every hour, the battery discharge and the pH value were measured in the esophageal tissue. After treatment for 6 h, the residual voltage of the battery was measured and the esophageal tissue was processed with H&E staining. Results In esophageal segments of the untreated group, a large area of the mucous membrane was severely eroded. Partial erosion was observed in esophageal tissues treated with either lemon juice or orange juice. Furthermore, the esophageal tissues were basically intact, had little damage when treated with oils. The highest extra-esophageal discharge voltage was recorded in the untreated group, a medium amount of discharge voltage was recorded in the lemon juice and orange juice groups, and the lowest discharge voltage was recorded in all the edible oils groups. Conclusions Edible oils immersed the battery, reduced the surrounding electrolysis, and thus attenuated battery discharge. As a result, treatment with edible oils attenuated the pH alkalization and tissue damage in button battery injury of pig esophageal segments. selleckchem These results indicate that edible oils might be used in the treatment of button battery ingestion. Copyright © 2020 Jia, Zhang, Xu, Xie, Wei, Shan, Wang, Yin and Zhao.Background Platelets participate in many physiological and pathological functions and some platelet parameters predict adult diseases. However, few studies report whether platelet parameters may reflect neonatal disease and mortality in a large cohort. Objective We aimed to investigate whether platelet parameters could predict bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH), and NICU mortality. Study Design and Methods This retrospective cohort study examined records from 2006 to 2017 at the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) of Fukushima Medical University Hospital. We retrospectively investigated platelet count, plateletcrit (PCT), mean platelet volume (MPV), and platelet distribution width (PDW) on the first day of life in preterm newborns born less then 32 weeks' gestation admitted to our NICU from 2006 to 2017. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) and multiple regression analyses, along with Cox proportional hazard modeling, identified independentreas small for gestational age (SGA), Apgar score at 5 min, and low PCT were associated with intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH). Conclusion This study demonstrates that low PCT predicts IVH, and MPV ≥ 10.2 fL correlates with mortality among infants born after less then 32 weeks' gestation. Copyright © 2020 Go, Ohto, Nollet, Takano, Kashiwabara, Chishiki, Maeda, Imamura, Kawasaki, Momoi and Hosoya.Objectives The use of assisted reproductive technology (ART) has increased rapidly in Taiwan. The purpose of this study is to discuss the risks of low birth weight, preterm birth, and birth defect for children conceived by assisted reproductive technology in Taiwan. Methods Both National ART report database and National birth reports were obtained from the Health Promotion Administration in the Ministry of Health and Welfare in Taiwan. The cohort included live births (n = 1,405,625) and children conceived by ART (n = 50,988/172,818 cycles) from 2011 to 2017. The prevalence of low birth weight, preterm birth, and birth defect were compared between the ART and natural pregnancy groups. Results Children conceived by ART displayed a higher rate of low birth weight as compared to those in the natural pregnancy group (p less then 0.001), even when analyses were restricted to singleton births (p less then 0.001). A higher rate of preterm birth (p less then 0.001) was also observed in children conceived by ART even when analyses were restricted to singleton births (p less then 0.05). A significant increased rate of birth defects was noted from children conceived by ART (p less then 0.05). Conclusions With the increasing need for and use of ART-conceptions, the likelihood of risks induced or related to Assistant Reproductive Technology (ART) has drawn considerable attention in recent years. Taiwan, as one of the leading countries with outstanding ART performances and modern medical care, the result of the current study suggests that further consideration and tighter regulations and policy are needed with regard to the use of ART. Copyright © 2020 Chang, Hwu, Chen, Hou and Cheng.