Mortensenayers1922

Double-gate tunnel field-effect transistor (DG TFET) is expected to extend the limitations of leakage current and subthreshold slope. However, it also suffers from the ambipolar behavior with the symmetrical source/drain architecture. To overcome the ambipolar current, asymmetry must be introduced between the source and drain. In this paper, we investigate the performances of DG TFET with step channel thickness (SC TFET) by utilizing the 2D simulation. The asymmetry between source and drain is introduced through the step channel thickness; hence, the ambipolar behavior is expected to be relieved. The results show that the SC TFET exhibits significant reduction of ambipolar current compared with the conventional DG TFET. The mechanisms of SC TFET are thoroughly discussed to explore the physical insight. The impacts introduced by the structure parameters on onset voltage, subthreshold slope, drain current in on-state and ambipolar-state are also exhibited in determining the optimal structure.Background Block-sequential regularized expectation maximization (BSREM) is a fully convergent iterative image reconstruction algorithm. We hypothesize that tracers with different distribution patterns will result in different optimal settings for the BSREM algorithm. The aim of this study was to evaluate the image quality with variations in the applied β-value and acquisition time for three positron emission tomography (PET) tracers. NEMA image quality phantom measurements and clinical whole-body digital time-of-flight (TOF) PET/computed tomography (CT) examinations with 68Ga-DOTATOC (n = 13), 18F-fluoride (n = 10), and 11C-acetate (n = 13) were included. Each scan was reconstructed using BSREM with β-values of 133, 267, 400, and 533, and ordered subsets expectation maximization (OSEM; 3 iterations, 16 subsets, and 5-mm Gaussian post-processing filter). Both reconstruction methods included TOF and point spread function (PSF) recovery. Quantitative measures of noise, signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), and signal-topared to the full acquisition OSEM. Conclusions Within tracer-specific ranges of β-values, BSREM reconstruction resulted in increased SNR and SBR with respect to conventional OSEM reconstruction. Similar SNR, SBR, and noise levels could be attained with BSREM at relatively shorter acquisition times or, alternatively, lower administered dosages, compared to those attained with OSEM.Blisters and erosions of skin and mucous membranes are key features of the clinically heterogeneous group of autoimmune bullous diseases (AIBDs). These can be divided into pemphigoid diseases with autoantibodies against structural proteins of the dermal-epidermal junction, pemphigus diseases with autoantibodies against desmosomal proteins, and dermatitis herpetiformis with autoantibodies against transglutaminases 1 and 2. A differentiation based only on clinical features is often not sufficient. After researching the literature in PubMed, the current diagnostic tools for AIBDs are summarized.AIBD diagnostics are performed using histology, direct and indirect immunofluorescence, as well as ELISA and immunoblotting. For serological diagnosis, the conventional multistep approach or multivariant assays for the analysis of autoantibodies against several target antigens in parallel can be applied. These allow a precise classification of AIBD and therefore a tailored use of different therapeutic regimens, e.g., for bullous pemphigoid or pemphigus foliaceus/vulgaris, as well as identification of disease entities with a known association with neoplasia.Direct immunofluorescence is still the diagnostic mainstay of AIBDs. However, novel serological assays, such as target-antigen-specific ELISA or indirect immunofluorescence systems using BIOCHIP™ mosaic technology, allow serologic diagnosis in most AIBD patients and the exact classification of the disease entity at the molecular level.Introduction Alveolar echinococcosis (AE) is a zoonotic disease caused by the parasitism of Echinococcus multilocularis larvae in the intermediate host or the final host. This study aims to identify and analyze the B-cell and T-cell (Th1, Th2 and Th17) epitopes of E. multilocularis antigen Emy162. Methods (1) The secondary structural characteristics of the Emy162 protein were predicted by bioinformatics software to further predict the potential T- and B-cell epitopes. (2) The dominant antigen epitopes were detected by ELISA through the reaction of patient serum with small B-cell antigen peptide and assessing the proliferation of splenic lymphocytes of mice immunized with Emy162. (3) The expression of cytokines in splenic lymphocytes of mice stimulated by small T-cell antigen peptides was detected by ELISA, ELISpot and flow cytometry to enable the identification of the T-cell epitopes. Results (1) The high-scored T-cell epitopes were located at positions E7-13, E36-41, E80-89, E87-96, E97-106 and E129-139, while B-cell epitopes were located at positions E7-13, E19-27, E28-36, E37-48, E78-83, E101-109, E112-121 and E129-139. (2) The three advanced antigen epitopes of Emy162 were E19-27, E112-121 and E129-139. (3) The four Th1 advanced antigen epitopes of Emy162 were E7-13, E36-41, E80-89 and E129-139. The three Th2 advanced antigen epitopes were E36-41, E87-96 and E97-106. The three Th17 advanced antigen epitopes were E36-41, E87-96 and E97-106. Conclusion (1) The Emy162 protein has advanced antigenicity and numerous potential epitopes. Six T-cell and eight B-cell dominant epitopes were revealed using bioinformatics methods. (2) There are three dominant B-cell epitopes, four dominant Th1 epitopes, three dominant Th2 epitopes, and three dominant Th17 epitopes in the Emy162 antigen.Purpose of review Endoscopic screening and surveillance for Barrett's esophagus (BE) as well as treatment of dysplastic BE is well established. A significant proportion of BE patients are older (geriatric age group, > 65 years age). There is relatively little information or recommendations in the literature with regards to evaluation and management of geriatric BE patients. The purpose of this review is to outline specific caveats and best practice recommendations to help manage the geriatric BE patient. Recent findings In this review, we have attempted to summarize the latest evidence and guideline-based recommendations for evaluation and treatment of BE and early esophageal neoplasia, with a special focus on the challenges and considerations involved when caring for the geriatric BE patient. Selleckchem Ivacaftor Concepts related to sedation, endoscopy, risk-benefit assessment, and other unique issues pertaining to the older BE patient are discussed. Expert recommendations are provided wherever possible. This review highlights the importance of recognizing the unique aspects of evaluating and managing the geriatric BE patient.