Morrowgodfrey1568

This report gives a direction for discovering new opportunities for functional MRI, for detection of metabolic activity, accompanied by overproduction of superoxide, as well as by disturbance of the balance between superoxide and hydrogen peroxide, a very important approach to clarify the fine molecular mechanisms in the regulation of many pathologies. The visualization of mitochondrial activity in real-time can be crucial to clarify the molecular mechanism of the functional MRI in its commonly accepted definition, as a method for detection of neurovascular coupling.Amyloid-reactive IgGs isolated from pooled blood of normal individuals (pAbs) have demonstrated clinical utility for amyloid diseases by in vivo targeting and clearing amyloidogenic proteins and peptides. We now report the following three novel findings on pAb conformer's binding to amyloidogenic aggregates 1) pAb aggregates have greater activity than monomers (HMW species > dimers > monomers), 2) pAbs interactions with amyloidogenic aggregates at least partially involves unconventional (non-CDR) interactions of F(ab) regions, and 3) pAb's activity can be easily modulated by trace aggregates generated during sample processing. Specifically, we show that HMW aggregates and dimeric pAbs present in commercial preparations of pAbs, intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg), had up to ~200- and ~7-fold stronger binding to aggregates of Aβ and transthyretin (TTR) than the monomeric antibody. Notably, HMW aggregates were primarily responsible for the enhanced anti-amyloid activities of Aβ- and Cibacron blue-isolated IVIg IgGs. Human pAb conformer's binding to amyloidogenic aggregates was retained in normal human sera, and mimicked by murine pAbs isolated from normal pooled plasmas. An unconventional (non-CDR) component to pAb's activity was indicated from control human mAbs, generated against non-amyloid targets, binding to aggregated Aβ and TTR. Similar to pAbs, HMW and dimeric mAb conformers bound stronger than their monomeric forms to amyloidogenic aggregates. However, mAbs had lower maximum binding signals, indicating that pAbs were required to saturate a diverse collection of binding sites. Selleckchem Vorinostat Taken together, our findings strongly support further investigations on the physiological function and clinical utility of the inherent anti-amyloid activities of monomeric but not aggregated IgGs.This is the reply to the comment by Chavez-Cerda and Pu [J. Opt. Soc. Am. A32, 1209 (2015)JOAOD61084-752910.1364/JOSAA.32.001209] on our recent work about the 50,000λ long needle-like field [J. Opt. Soc. Am. A31, 500 (2014)JOAOD60740-323210.1364/JOSAA.31.000500]. First, they employed an incorrect boundary condition as the fundament of their argument. In fact, it is not the electric field but its tangential component that must be zero at the surface of the perfect metal. Our result is completely consistent with the correct boundary condition. Second, a constant phase factor in the incident radially polarized beam, exp(jπ/4), for instance, has no influence on the result. Accordingly, our initial condition is proper.In a recent paper, a method for the generation of a long, narrow needle of light was proposed [J. Opt. Soc. Am. A31, 500 (2014)10.1364/JOSAA.31.000500JOAOD61084-7529]. The authors missed fundamental aspects of the mathematical physics of cylindrical electromagnetic waves described by Bessel functions that are essential to obtain the proposed needle. We provide formal arguments showing that a different initial condition is the proper one for the intended purpose. Based on their proposed method we bring to attention the validity of Huygens' principle for cylindrical waves. Also, we extend their analysis in order to have a component of longitudinal energy flow that is needed for most of the applications they suggest. We quantitatively show that a minor modification produces this component with practically negligible increase of the needle width.Analytic expressions for the temporal power spectra of irradiance fluctuations and angle of arrival (AOA) fluctuations are derived for optical waves propagating through weak anisotropic non-Kolmogorov atmospheric turbulence. In the derivation, the anisotropic non-Kolmogorov spectrum is adopted, which adopts the assumption of circular symmetry in the orthogonal plane throughout the path and the same degree of anisotropy along the propagation direction for all the turbulence cells. The final expressions consider simultaneously the anisotropic factor and general spectral power law values. When the anisotropic factor equals one (corresponding to the isotropic turbulence), the derived temporal power spectral models have good consistency with the known results for the isotropic turbulence. Numerical calculations show that the increased anisotropic factor alleviates the atmospheric turbulence's influence on the final expressions.An integral equation is formulated to describe electromagnetic wave transmission through a subwavelength nano-hole in a thin plasmonic sheet in terms of the dyadic Green's function for the associated Helmholtz problem. Taking the subwavelength radius of the nano-hole to be the smallest length of the system, we have obtained an exact solution of the integral equation for the dyadic Green's function analytically and in closed form. This dyadic Green's function is then employed in the numerical analysis of electromagnetic wave transmission through the nano-hole for normal incidence of the incoming wave train. The electromagnetic transmission involves two distinct contributions; one emanates from the nano-hole, and the other is directly transmitted through the thin plasmonic layer itself (which would not occur in the case of a perfect metal screen). The transmitted radiation exhibits interference fringes in the vicinity of the nano-hole, and they tend to flatten as a function of increasing lateral separation from the hole, reaching the uniform value of transmission through the sheet alone at large separations.For reflection at interfaces between transparent optically isotropic media, the difference between the Brewster angle ϕB of zero reflectance for incident p-polarized light and the angle ϕu min of minimum reflectance for incident unpolarized or circularly polarized light is considered as function of the relative refractive n in external and internal reflection. We determine the following. (i) ϕu min 1), the maximum difference (ϕB - ϕu min)max = 75° at n = 2 + √3. (iii) In internal reflection and 0 less then n ≤ 2 - √3, (ϕB - ϕu min)max = 15° at n = 2 - √3; for 2 - √3 less then n less then 1, ϕu min = 0, and (ϕB - ϕu min)max = 45° as n → 1. (iv) For 2 - √3 ≤ n ≤ 2 + √3, the intensity reflectance R0 at normal incidence is in the range 0 ≤ R0 ≤ 1/3, ϕu min = 0, and ϕB - ϕu min = ϕB. (v) For internal reflection and 0 less then n less then 2 - √3, ϕu min exhibits an unexpected maximum (= 12.30°) at n = 0.24265. Finally, (vi) for 1/3 ≤ R0 less then 1, Ru min at ϕu min is limited to the range 1/3 ≤ Ru min less then 1/2.Current fingerprint recognition technologies are based mostly on the minutia algorithms, which cannot recognize fingerprint images in low-quality conditions. This paper proposes a novel recognition algorithm using a limited ellipse-band-based matching method. It uses the Fourier-Mellin transformation method to improve the limitation of the original algorithm, which cannot resist rotation changes. Furthermore, an ellipse band on the frequency amplitude is used to suppress noise that is introduced by the high-frequency parts of images. Finally, the recognition result is obtained by considering both the contrast and position correlation peaks. The experimental results show that the proposed algorithm can increase the recognition accuracy, particularly of images in low-quality conditions.We consider using phase retrieval (PR) to correct phase aberrations in an optical system. Three measurements of the point-spread function (PSF) are collected to estimate an aberration. For each measurement, a different defocus aberration is applied with a deformable mirror (DM). Once the aberration is estimated using a PR algorithm, we apply the aberration correction with the DM, and measure the residual aberration using a Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor. The extended Nijboer-Zernike theory is used for modelling the PSF. The PR problem is solved using both an algorithm called PhaseLift, which is based on matrix rank minimization, and another algorithm based on alternating projections. For comparison, we include the results achieved using a classical PR algorithm, which is based on alternating projections and uses the fast Fourier transform.The three-dimensional frequency transfer function for optical imaging systems was introduced by Frieden in the 1960s. The analysis of this function and its partly back-transformed functions (two-dimensional and one-dimensional optical transfer functions) in the case of an ideal or aberrated imaging system has received relatively little attention in the literature. Regarding ideal imaging systems with an incoherently illuminated object volume, we present analytic expressions for the classical two-dimensional x-y-transfer function in a defocused plane, for the axial z-transfer function in the presence of defocusing and for the x-z-transfer function in the presence of a lateral shift δy with respect to the imaged pattern in the x-z-plane. For an aberrated imaging system we use the common expansion of the aberrated pupil function with the aid of Zernike polynomials. It is shown that the line integral appearing in Frieden's three-dimensional transfer function can be evaluated for aberrated systems using a relationship established first by Cormack between the line integral of a Zernike polynomial over a full chord of the unit disk and a Chebyshev polynomial of the second kind. Some new developments in the theory of Zernike polynomials from the last decade allow us to present explicit expressions for the line integral in the case of a weakly aberrated imaging system. We outline a similar, but more complicated, analytic scheme for the case of severely aberrated systems.The short range revival of an arbitrary monochromatic optical field, which propagates in a quadratic GRIN rod, is a well-known effect that is established assuming the first-order approximation of the propagation operator. We discuss the revival and multiple splitting of an off-axis Gaussian beam propagating to relatively long distances in a quadratic GRIN medium. These effects are obtained assuming the second-order approximation of the propagation operator in this medium.The original Talbot (self-imaging) effect is observed in the vicinity of a grating of slits shined with a plane wave, and results in periodic images of the initial diffraction pattern (integer Talbot effect) and the appearance of images with a periodicity reduced by an integer factor (fractional Talbot effect). Most of the studies on Talbot effect so far have focused on the distribution of the intensity of the diffracted light. However, the phases of the Talbot images, obtained in both the integer and fractional self-imaging cases, can be calculated in a closed form and display interesting auto-correlation properties. This paper reports what is, to the best of our knowledge, the first experimental investigation of the phases of Talbot images beyond the integer self-imaging case. We address the problem of experimental measurement of the phases of the Talbot images in the equivalent frame of the angular Talbot effect, a recently reported manifestation of the Talbot effect in the far field. The phases of the Talbot images are measured by far-field holography, and the obtained results are in excellent agreement with theoretical calculations.