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that younger surgeons are more interested in novel technological developments. Therefore, the outcomes did differ significantly between the senior surgeons and residents (Table 1). These outcomes may be explicated as; 3D modeling of the foot deformities may not be mandatory for the experienced surgeons for understanding the deformity. On the other hand 3D modeling would be useful tools for younger surgeons and for their education. CONCLUSIONS 3D modeling of foot deformities is more informative than virtual 3D videos. However, with consideration of costs and long processing times, 3D printing may be used optimally for rare deformities. When considering the role of touch sense in surgical learning, 3D modeling gives more detailed and more satisfactory planning than virtual 3D videos. 3D modeling is more useful for young surgeons, and it will be used mainly for education in the future. Key words 3D printing, deformity, foot and ankle, simulation.PURPOSE OF THE STUDY Subacromial impingement is one of the most common reasons for shoulder pain. The surgical management of this condition has recently become the focus of criticism because of the rising number of surgical procedures and the lack of superiority of surgical over conservative treatment. In this prospective comparative study, we compared standardised conservative care with surgical treatment and placed special emphasis on the patients' ability to work. MATERIAL AND METHODS A total of 106 patients (25 women, 81 men; mean age 45.4 12.3 years) were included in this prospective comparative clinical study. Patients in the non-operative arm (n = 42) received standardised physiotherapy. Patients in the surgical arm (n = 38) underwent arthroscopic subacromial decompression. All patients were followed up at 3, 6 and 12 months. Shoulder function (Constant score), pain (Numerical Rating Scale), and the duration of inability to work were assessed. RESULTS Shoulder function and pain improved significantly wion. However, patients who were managed conservatively returned to work significantly earlier than patients who underwent surgery. Key words subacromial impingement, shoulder, constant score, pain, ability to work.PURPOSE OF THE STUDY Artificial cervical disc replacement (CDR) has emerged as a viable treatment alternative to fusion for the management of symptomatic compressive radiculopathy and potentially for cervical myelopathy. The aim of our study was to evaluate the clinical and radiological outcomes of patients treated with a second generation semi-constrained CDR with a ceramicceramic articulation. MATERIAL AND METHODS A prospective cohort study of all patients undergoing a cervical disc replacement for cervical disc pathology, during the period from April 2007 to April 2011 using a ceramic-ceramic disc replacement comprised the study group. 52 patients were available for final clinical and radiological follow-up. Both, clinical and radiological evaluation were performed at each clinical visit at 6 weeks, 6 months, 12 months, 2 years, 5 years and 7 years. RESULTS There were a total of 52 patients, with 44 single level cases and 8 two level cases. The NDI improved significantly (p less then 0.05) from a mean preoperative score of 56 % to a score of 20% at final follow-up. The mean preoperative mobility at the index level unit was 12.2 ± 4.5°, this decreased to 7.9 ± 3.2° at six weeks, but slightly increased to 12.9 ± 2.9° at final follow-up (gain not significant). Heterotrophic ossification (HO) was noted in 13 (25%) patients. CONCLUSIONS Cervical disc replacement with a ceramic-ceramic bearing surface is a viable option in the treatment of variety of cervical pathologies. This ceramic-ceramic interface may eliminate the potential problems of metallosis and poly-wear but further longer-term results should be studied. Key words Cervical spine; disc replacement; ceramic articulation; neck disability; heterotrophic ossification.PURPOSE OF THE STUDY Continuous epidemiologic data on changes in the spectrum of acetabular fractures is rare. The purpose of this study is to evaluate changes in the types of acetabular fractures over the last two decades. MATERIAL AND METHODS In the period between 2007 and 2016, a total of 522 patients were treated at the authors department (Traumacentre Level I) for acetabular fractures. 15 patients sustained bilateral fractures. The group consisted of 361 men and 161 women, with the mean age of 49 years (the range of 10-96 years). Standard procedure was applied to diagnose the fractures (X-ray and CT scan). Non-operative treatment was opted for in fractures without displacement, fractures with minimum displacement of acetabular weight bearing area less than 2 mm, confirmed by the CT scan (e.g. low fractures of anterior column, low transverse fractures), fractures with secondary congruence in patients over the age of 70, and fractures in patients contraindicated for surgery due to their serious overall medher number of fractures with a low-energy mechanism of injury, especially in elderly patients, the so-called "fragility fractures". Therefore, the share of non-operatively treated acetabular fractures increased as well. The number of acetabular fractures in young patients as a result of a high-energy injury grew more slowly, and it was only the share of posterior-wall acetabular fractures that was significantly higher. Key words epidemiology of acetabular fractures, mechanism of injury, types of acetabular fractures.PURPOSE OF THE STUDY Although the congenital short femur is morphologically well characterized, changes at the molecular level have not been described in the literature so far. The absence of such information, along with the unknown aetiology of the defect, was the motivation for analysing angiogenesis and osteogenesis in the pseudoarthrosis (false joint) tissue in PFFD patients compared to physiological bone. The authors expected differences in gene expression, particularly in the quantity of expressed genes. MATERIAL AND METHODS A piece of bone was removed during an elective surgery procedure, placed in an RNA stabilization reagent, which prevents RNA degradation, and deep frozen. Thereafter, RNA was isolated and the profile of transcription was analysed by biochip analysis (SuperArray Bioscience Corporation). In total, it is possible to detect 113 genes of osteogenesis and angiogenesis. From the end of 2005 until the end of 2008, samples of 7 patients with PFFD and 3 physiological bone samples were examined. Several analyses were repeated to confirm the results; in total 13 chips for osteogenesis and 11 chips for angiogenesis expression were used. RESULTS Differences in the quantity and representation of the genes were noted. Some genes were considered over-expressed in PFFD tissue compared with the control sample (e.g. the gene for calcitonin receptor, collagen XII, I alpha 2, collagen II, IX, FGFR2, fibronectin, integrin) and other genes under-expressed (e.g. the gene for annexin A5, collagen XVIII alpha1, collagen I alpha1, cathepsin K, FGFR1, FGFR3, IGF2, VEGFB). CONCLUSIONS The differences in gene expression confirmed the authors' hypothesis. So far, the results cannot be generalized; this is the first step for follow-up experiments to confirm the suggested information and to integrate it with clinical findings, such as the alternative blood supply of affected extremity in some patients. Key words proximal femoral focal deficiency, gene expression, microarray analysis, angiogenesis, osteogenesis.Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) rupture is one of the most common traumatic injuries of the knee joint. Acute knee injury is often characterized by pain and the typical accompanying rupture sound. The injured person often feels pain in the knee, with swelling, the movement is painful in the full range of motion. The most commonly used test procedures for rupture include Lachman test, pivot shift test, anterior drawer and lever sign test. This review includes a description of individual tests and the diagnostic value of examination after the ACL rupture. The sensitivity and specificity of the lever sign test was 0.92-1.00, the specificity was 0.94-1.00. The anterior drawer testing reported sensitivity values ranged from 0.18 to 0.92 and specificity values ranged from 0.78 to 0.98. The sensitivity and specificity of the pivot shift test ranged from 0.18 to 0.48 and the specificity from 0.90 to 0.99. The sensitivity and specificity of the Lachman test were 0.63-0.93 and the specificity was 0.55-0.99. The lever sign test, the pivot shift test, the anterior drawer test and the Lachman test are valid parts of the anterior cruciate ligament examination with respect to the prediction of anterior cruciate ligament rupture using Magnetic Resonance Imaging and arthroscopy. Key words rupture ligamentum cruciatum anterius, test maneuvers, lever sign test, pivot shift test, anterior drawer, Lachman test.Periprosthetic femoral fractures around the femoral stem of a hip prosthesis constitute a serious challenge. The number of these fractures, associated with a high failure rate and a high number of overall complications, including higher mortality, has been on an increase worldwide. Stable femoral stems are indicated for osteosynthesis, while in case of loosening the method of choice is the replacement by a revision implant. The aim of osteosynthesis of periprosthetic femoral fractures is a stable fixation with soft tissue preservation which results in faster union allowing the patient to return to pre-injury activities. Biomechanical studies on cadavers or on synthetic models and computer simulations make it possible to evaluate the fixation strength in various types of implants in dependence on fracture characteristics and bone quality, but cannot be substituted for clinical trials since there is no direct proportion between fixation rigidity and fracture union. Fundamental principles that shall be followed stress by a monocortical screw or with the use of a conventional screw. Adherence to the principles regarding the position, type and number of screws constitutes the key parameter of successful osteosynthesis of periprosthetic fractures. Key words hip joint, arthroplasty, periprosthetic fractures, biomechanics of osteosynthesis.A Gram-negative, filamentous aerobic bacterium designated as strain Mgbs1T was isolated on 12 April 2017 from the subsurface soil and leaf litter substrate at the base of a Koompassia malaccensis tree in a tropical peat swamp forest in the northern regions of the state of Selangor, Malaysia (3° 39' 04.7' N 101° 17' 43.7 E). Phylogenetic analyses based on the full 16S rRNA sequence revealed that strain Mgbs1T belongs to the genus Chitinophaga with the greatest sequence similarity to Chitinophaga terrae KP01T (97.65 %), Chitinophaga jiangningensis DSM27406T (97.58 %), and Chitinophaga dinghuensis DHOC24T (97.17 %). The major fatty acids of strain Mgbs1T (>10 %) are iso-C15  0, C16  1 ω5c and iso-C17  0 3-OH while the predominant respiratory quinone is menaquinone-7. Strain Mgbs1T has a complete genome size of 8.03 Mb, with a G+C content of 48.5 mol%. The DNA-DNA hybridization (DDH) score between strain Mgbs1T and C. jiangningensis DSM27406T was 15.9 %, while in silico DDH values of strain Mgbs1T against C. dinghuensis DHOC24T and C.