Mohammadgomez6917

In the hexahedral hydrocarbon cubane, replacing hydrogen with other atoms at three positions within any one of the internal tetrahedrons can conceptually lead to the formation of a unique class of chiral molecules. In pursuit of this endeavor, we prepared 1,3-dibromo-4-deuteriocubane-N,N-diisopropylcarboxamide, which upon treatment with zincates affords 1,3,5-trisubstituted cubanes via simultaneous two-position substitution reactions. The proposed chiral attributes of this stereogeometric class were confirmed by enantiomeric resolution of a p-bromobenzyl derivative using chiral HPLC.The marine natural product bryostatin 1 has demonstrated procognitive and antidepressant effects in animals and has been entered into human clinical trials for treating Alzheimer's disease (AD). The ability of bryostatin 1 to enhance learning and memory has largely been attributed to its effects on the structure and function of hippocampal neurons. However, relatively little is known about how bryostatin 1 influences the morphology of cortical neurons, key cells that also support learning and memory processes and are negatively impacted in AD. Here, we use a combination of carefully designed chemical probes and pharmacological inhibitors to establish that bryostatin 1 increases cortical synaptogenesis while decreasing dendritic spine density in a protein kinase C (PKC)-dependent manner. The effects of bryostatin 1 on cortical neurons are distinct from those induced by neural plasticity-promoting psychoplastogens such as ketamine. Compounds capable of increasing synaptic density with concomitant loss of immature dendritic spines may represent a unique pharmacological strategy for enhancing memory by improving signal-to-noise ratio in the central nervous system.Nanobubbles (NBs), with their unique physicochemical properties and promising applications, have become an important research topic. Generation of monodispersed bulk NBs with specified gas content remains a challenge. We developed a simple method for generating bulk NBs, using porous alumina films with ordered straight nanoscaled holes. Different techniques, such as nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and infrared absorption spectroscopy (IRAS), are used to confirm NB formation. The NTA data demonstrate that the minimum size of the NBs formed is less than 100 nm, which is comparable to the diameter of nanoholes in the porous alumina film. By generating NBs with different gases, including CO2, O2, N2, Ar, and He, we discovered that the minimum size of NBs negatively correlated with the solubility of encapsulated gases in water. Proteasome purification Due to the monodispersed size of NBs generated from the highly ordered porous alumina, we determined that NB size is distributed discretely with a uniform increment factor of [Formula see text]. To explain the observed characteristic size distribution of NBs, we propose a simple model in which two NBs of the same size are assumed to preferentially coalesce. This characteristic bubble size distribution is useful for elucidating the basic characteristics of nanobubbles, such as the long-term stability of NBs. This distribution can also be used to develop new applications of NBs, for example, nanoscaled reaction fields through bubble coalescence.Amphiphilic molecules self-assemble into supramolecular structures of various sizes and morphologies depending on their molecular packing and external factors. Transformations between various self-assembled morphologies are a matter of great fundamental interest. Recently, we reported the discovery of a novel class of single-chain galactopyranosylamide amphiphiles that self-assemble to form vesicles in water. Here, we describe how the vesicles composed of the amphiphile N-oleoyl β-d-galactopyranosylamine (GOA) undergo a morphological transition to fibers consisting of mainly flat sheet-like structures. Moreover, we show that this transformation is reversible in a temperature-dependent manner. We used several optical microscopy and electron microscopy techniques, circular dichroism spectroscopy, small-angle X-ray scattering, and differential scanning calorimetry, to fully investigate and characterize the morphological transformations of GOA and provide a structural basis for such phenomena. These studies provide significant molecular insight into the structural polymorphism of sugar-based amphiphiles and foresee future applications in rational design of self-assembled materials.Recently a new family of carotenoproteins, homologues of the N-terminal domain of the orange carotenoid protein (NTD-OCP), have been identified in cyanobacteria. These homologues are called helical carotenoid proteins (HCPs) as they are all predicted to maintain the all-helical structure of the NTD-OCP and to bind carotenoids. Here, HCP2 and HCP3 isolated from the cyanobacterium Tolypothrix PCC 7601 were studied by ultrafast transient absorption spectroscopy to explore the excited-state dynamics of the bound carotenoid, canthaxanthin. The lowest excited state, S1, of canthaxanthin in both HCPs yields a lifetime of 3.5 ps; it is thus shorter than for canthaxanthin in solution (4.5 ps). This is because of the longer effective conjugation of canthaxanthin in HCPs, as one of the terminal rings is in an s-trans configuration. Use of two different excitation wavelengths, 470 and 570 nm, revealed excitation wavelength dependent spectroscopic response. Additional excited-state absorption bands are observed after excitation at 470 nm for both HCPs, proving the presence of more than one ground state conformer.Cold-adapted organisms use antifreeze proteins (AFPs) or ice-nucleating proteins (INPs) for the survival in freezing habitats. AFPs have been reported to be able to inhibit the activity of INPs, a property that would be of great physiological relevance. The generality of this effect is not understood, and for the few known examples of INP inhibition by AFPs, the molecular mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we report a comprehensive evaluation of the effects of five different AFPs on the activity of bacterial ice nucleators using a high-throughput ice nucleation assay. We find that bacterial INPs are inhibited by certain AFPs, while others show no effect. Thus, the ability to inhibit the activity of INPs is not an intrinsic property of AFPs, and the interactions of INPs and different AFPs proceed through protein-specific rather than universal molecular mechanisms.Using chirped and cavity microwave spectroscopies, automated double resonance, new high-speed fitting and deep learning algorithms, and large databases of computed structures, the discharge products of benzene alone, or in combination with molecular oxygen or nitrogen, have been exhaustively characterized between 6.5 and 26 GHz. In total, more than 3300 spectral features were observed; 89% of these, accounting for 97% of the total intensity, have now been assigned to 152 distinct chemical species and 60 of their variants (i.e., isotopic species and vibrationally excited states). Roughly 50 of the products are entirely new or poorly characterized at high resolution, including many heavier by mass than the precursor benzene. These findings provide direct evidence for a rich architecture of two- and three-dimensional carbon and indicate that benzene growth, particularly the formation of ring-chain molecules, occurs facilely under our experimental conditions. The present analysis also illustrates the utility of microwave spectroscopy as a precision tool for complex mixture analysis, irrespective of whether the rotational spectrum of a product species is known a priori or not. From this large quantity of data, for example, it is possible to determine with confidence the relative abundances of different product masses, but more importantly the relative abundances of different isomers with the same mass. The complementary nature of this type of analysis to traditional mass spectrometry is discussed.Viola is the largest genus in the Violaceae plant family and is known for its ubiquitous natural production of cyclotides. Many Viola species are used as medicinal herbs across Asia and are often consumed by humans in teas for the treatment of diseases, including ulcers and asthma. Previous studies reported the isolation of cyclotides from Viola species in many countries in the hope of discovering novel compounds with anti-cancer activities; however, Viola species from Vietnam have not been investigated to date. Here, the discovery of cyclotides from three Viola species (V. arcuata, V. tonkinensis, and V. austrosinensis) collected in the northern mountainous region of Vietnam is reported. Ten cyclotides were isolated from these three Viola species four are novel and six were previously reported to be expressed in other plants. The structures of three of the new bracelet cyclotides are similar to that of cycloviolacin O2. Because cycloviolacin O2 has previously been shown to have potent activity against a wide range of cancer cell lines including HeLa (human cervical cancer cells) and PC-3 (human prostate cancer cells), the cancer cytotoxicity of the cyclotides isolated from V. arcuata was assessed. All tested cyclotides were cytotoxic against cancer cells, albeit to varying degrees. The sequences discovered in this study significantly expand the understanding of cyclotide diversity, especially in comparison with other cyclotides found in plants from the Asian region.We outline how auxiliary-field quantum Monte Carlo (AFQMC) can leverage graphical processing units (GPUs) to accelerate the simulation of solid state systems. By exploiting conservation of crystal momentum in the one- and two-electron integrals, we show how to efficiently formulate the algorithm to best utilize current GPU architectures. We provide a detailed description of different optimization strategies and profile our implementation relative to standard approaches, demonstrating a factor of 40 speedup over a CPU implementation. With this increase in computational power, we demonstrate the ability of AFQMC to systematically converge solid state calculations with respect to basis set and system size by computing the cohesive energy of carbon in the diamond structure to within 0.02 eV of the experimental result.Src homology 2 domain-containing phosphatase 2 (SHP2) is an attractive therapeutic target for human cancers and other human diseases. Herein, we report our discovery of potent small-molecule SHP2 degraders whose design is based upon the proteolysis-targeting chimera (PROTAC) concept. This work has led to the discovery of potent and effective SHP2 degraders, exemplified by SHP2-D26. SHP2-D26 achieves DC50 values of 6.0 and 2.6 nM in esophageal cancer KYSE520 and acute myeloid leukemia MV4;11 cells, respectively, and is capable of reducing SHP2 protein levels by >95% in cancer cells. SHP2-D26 is >30-times more potent in inhibition of phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and of cell growth than SHP099, a potent SHP2 inhibitor, in KYSE520 and MV4;11 cancer cell lines. This study demonstrates that induced SHP2 degradation is a very effective approach to inhibit the function of SHP2. Further optimization of these SHP2 degraders may lead to the development of a new class of therapies for cancers and other human diseases.