Millerphillips2012

Moreover, the increased understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms can guide the development of targeted therapeutic strategies.

The identification of gene fusions in a subset of vascular tumors over the past decade has improved diagnostic accuracy, and has provided the pathologists with novel diagnostic tools to accurately diagnose these often difficult tumors. Moreover, the increased understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms can guide the development of targeted therapeutic strategies.Introduction Rising rates of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) globally continue to pose agrave threat to human health. Low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) are disproportionately affected, partly due to the high burden of communicable diseases.Areas covered We reviewed current trends in AMR in LMICs and examined the forces driving AMR in those regions. The state of interventions being undertaken to curb AMR across the developing world are discussed, and the impact of the current COVID-19 pandemic on those efforts is explored.Expert opinion The dynamics that drive AMR in LMICs are inseparable from the political, economic, socio-cultural, and environmental forces that shape these nations. The COVID-19 pandemic has further exacerbated underlying factors that increase AMR. Some progress is being made in implementing surveillance measures in LMICs, but implementation of concrete measures to meaningfully impact AMR rates must address the underlying structural issues that generate and promote AMR. This, in turn, will require large infrastructural investments and significant political will.

The gut microbiota is composed of trillions of microbial cells and viruses that interact with hosts. The composition of the gut microbiota is influenced by several factors including age, diet, diseases, or medications. The impact of drugs on the microbiota is not limited to antibiotics and many non-antibiotic molecules significantly alter the composition of the intestinal microbiota.

This review focuses on the impact of four of the most widely prescribed non-antibiotic drugs in the world Proton-pump inhibitors, metformin, statins, and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory. We conducted a systematic review by searching online databases including Medline, Web of science, and Scopus for indexed articles published in English until February 2021. Box5 We included studies assessing the intestinal microbiome alterations associated with proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), metformin, statins, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Only studies using culture-independent molecular techniques were included.

The taxonomical signature associated with non-antibiotic drugs are not yet fully described, especially in the field of metabolomic. The identification of taxonomic profiles associated a specific molecule provides information on its mechanism of action through interaction with the intestinal microbiota. Many side effects could be related to the dysbiosis induced by these molecules.

The taxonomical signature associated with non-antibiotic drugs are not yet fully described, especially in the field of metabolomic. The identification of taxonomic profiles associated a specific molecule provides information on its mechanism of action through interaction with the intestinal microbiota. Many side effects could be related to the dysbiosis induced by these molecules.

The effect of maternal vitamin D levels on the birth weight of the offspring remains controversial, as the results are inconsistent between different populations. This large retrospective cohort study aimed to assess the relationship between maternal vitamin D levels and birth weight of neonates in southern China.

Serum samples were collected from 10,586 Chinese women at 13-27 weeks of pregnancy, and the 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) level of the participants was assessed. Using the INTERGROWTH-21st standards, the offspring were classified into three groups based on their gestational age and birth weight, which were small for gestational age (SGA), appropriate for gestational age (AGA), and large for gestational age (LGA). The differences in vitamin D levels among the different groups were compared, and their correlation with newborn birth weight was analyzed.

The average maternal vitamin D concentration was 61.1 nmol/L. The 25(OH)D concentrations were 50-75 nmol/L, 25-50 nmol/L and below 25 nmol/L in 45.5%, 29.5%, and 1.6% of the participants, respectively. No significant differences were observed in the vitamin D levels between the three groups. With the increase in 25(OH)D levels, the risk of SGA and LGA tended to increase and decrease, respectively. AGA was not affected by the 25(OH)D levels. The results of the curve fitting and threshold effect analyses did not support the correlation between vitamin D levels and SGA or LGA. Based on the univariate prediction model and the model adjusted for risk factors, the area under the curve was extremely small. Thus, 25(OH)D levels are not an effective predictor of SGA and LGA.

Low maternal vitamin D levels were not associated with SGA or LGA.

Low maternal vitamin D levels were not associated with SGA or LGA.Introduction Alectinib is a second-generation inhibitor of anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) and RET. Phase III clinical trials have established its superiority to crizotinib in the first-line ALK inhibitor-naïve setting. Studies also support its use over chemotherapy in the post-crizotinib setting. It is currently one of several FDA- and EMA-approved ALK inhibitors, and it is listed as a preferred initial therapy for treatment-naïve ALK-positive non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).Areas covered Herein, the authors provide the reader with details of the chemical structure, pharmacologic properties, resistance mutations, phase I, II, and III clinical trials, and safety profile of alectinib. Furthermore, the authors provide the reader with the expert opinion and future perspectives on the drug.Expert opinion Alectinib compares favorably to other second-generation ALK inhibitors with regards to safety, tolerability, and efficacy. Based on currently available data, it is an appropriate first-line option. Ongoing studies will better resolve the ideal sequencing of ALK inhibitors in the treatment of ALK-positive NSCLC.