Middletonespersen1189

The mechanism of iron oxidation and core formation in homopolymeric H-type ferritins has been extensively studied in-vitro, so has the reductive mobilization of iron from the inorganic iron(III) core. However, neither process is well-understood in-vivo despite recent scientific advances.

Here, we provide a summary of our current understanding of iron mineralization and iron core dissolution in homopolymeric H-type ferritins and highlight areas of interest and further studies that could answer some of the outstanding questions of iron metabolism.

The overall iron oxidation mechanism in homopolymeric H-type ferritins from vertebrates (i.e. human H and frog M ferritins) is similar, despite nuances in the individual oxidation steps due to differences in the iron ligand environments inside the three fold channels, and at the dinuclear ferroxidase centers. Ferrous cations enter the protein shell through hydrophilic channels, followed by their rapid oxidization at di‑iron centers. Hydrogen peroxide produced during iron oxidation can react with additional iron(II) at ferroxidase centers, or at separate sites, or possibly on the surface of the mineral core. In-vitro ferritin iron mobilization can be achieved using a variety of reducing agents, but in-vivo iron retrieval may occur through a variety of processes, including proteolytic degradation, auxiliary iron mobilization mechanisms involving physiological reducing agents, and/or oxidoreductases.

This review provides important insights into the mechanisms of iron oxidation and mobilization in homopolymeric H-type ferritins, and different strategies in maintaining iron homeostasis.

This review provides important insights into the mechanisms of iron oxidation and mobilization in homopolymeric H-type ferritins, and different strategies in maintaining iron homeostasis.

The nuclear receptors Rev-erb alpha and Rev-erb beta are transcription factors that regulate the function of genes in glucose and lipid metabolism, and they also form a link between circadian rhythm and metabolism. We evaluated the variations in Rev-erb alpha and Rev-erb beta genes together with biochemical parameters as risk factors in type 2 diabetic (T2DM) patients.

Molecular analyses of Rev-erb alpha and Rev-erb beta genes were performed on genomic DNA by using next-generation sequencing in 42 T2DM patients (21 obese and 21 non-obese) and 66 healthy controls.

We found 26 rare mutations in the study groups, including 13 missense mutations, 9 silent mutations, 3 5'UTR variations, and a 3'UTR variation, of which 9 were novel variations (5 missense and 3 silent and 1 5'UTR). Six common variations were also found in the Rev-erb genes; Rev-erb beta Chr324003765 A>G, Rev-erb beta rs924403442 (Chr324006717) G>T, Rev-erb alpha Chr1738253751T>C, Rev-erb alpha rs72836608 C>A, Rev-erb alpha rs231433d rs2314339 (C>T) and Rev-erb beta Chr324003765 (A>G) were associated with increased serum GGT levels in obese T2DM patients. In non-obese patients, Rev-erbs SNPs had no effect on serum GGT levels.

Our findings indicate that variations in the Rev-erb alpha and Rev-erb beta genes can affect metabolic changes in T2DM and these effects may vary depending on gender and obesity.

Our findings indicate that variations in the Rev-erb alpha and Rev-erb beta genes can affect metabolic changes in T2DM and these effects may vary depending on gender and obesity.

As an important reservoir for hospital-acquired infections, environmental surfaces have long been targeted by interventions to improve cleaning and disinfection. Differences in disinfection practices across US hospitals, however, are still unclear.

We conducted a nationwide survey of environmental services (EVS) personnel in the United States regarding their environmental surface disinfection practices from January 2019 to June 2019. We developed and pilot tested the survey in conjunction with EVS specialists. Survey questions inquired about choices of disinfectants and cleaning equipment during daily and terminal disinfection of both contact isolation and non-contact isolation rooms. We contacted 273 EVS personnel by phone and email to participate in the survey.

Fourty-seven EVS personnel representing different hospitals from 26 US states were included in the analysis. Hypochlorite (bleach) and quaternary ammonium compounds were the most frequently used disinfectants. Cytidine 5′-triphosphate purchase Most respondents reported using microfiber-based cloths and mops to carry out disinfection. High-touch surfaces in contact isolation rooms were frequently disinfected using bleach (81%, n = 38); floors, however, were not disinfected as frequently in patient rooms. The vast majority of respondents reported use of sporicidal disinfectants for contact isolation rooms but not regular rooms.

While frequently used to disinfectant contact isolation rooms, sporicidal agents are rarely used to disinfect regular rooms. Patient room floors are inconsistently disinfected compared to high-touch surfaces.

While frequently used to disinfectant contact isolation rooms, sporicidal agents are rarely used to disinfect regular rooms. Patient room floors are inconsistently disinfected compared to high-touch surfaces.

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends aggressive contact tracing to control the COVID-19 pandemic. In this work, we (1) describe the development of a COVID-19 contact tracing initiative that includes medical, nursing, and public health students, and is led by clinicians and infectious disease epidemiologists within our health system, and, (2) articulate process steps for contact tracing including workflows and telephone scripts, and, (3) highlight the key challenges and strategies to overcome these challenges.

A single academic institution-based contact tracing initiative was rapidly scaled to 110 health professional students, four physicians, two epidemiologists, and a research team. Following training, students called patients who were COVID-19 positive and the individuals they were in contact with to ensure proper isolation and quarantine measures. Students also assisted those who faced barriers to quarantine.

In total, between March 24 and May 28 - this initiative completed contact tracing for 536 confirmed cases, which resulted in the identification of 953 contacts.