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product of the carA gene is necessary for δ-toxin production in USA300. This work lays a foundation for future work on understanding toxin regulation in S. aureus and prediction of phenotypes from genomic sequences. ©2020 Su et al.Background Human papilloma virus (HPV) infection is one of the most common sexually transmitted infections among women worldwide. The current study's main objective is to report the prevalence and distribution of HPV types in an urban population in Beijing, China. SF2312 cost Methods All the eligible female participants aged ≥18 years were recruited from the Aerospace Center Hospital in Beijing, China between 2014 and 2018. A total of 21 HPV types were detected by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) reverse dot blot method and fluorescence quantitative PCR method. Results In total, 12 high risk HPV types and nine low risk HPV types were detected. The HPV-positive rates were 8.85% in 2014, 7.16% in 2015, 7.60% in 2016, 8.31% in 2017, and 7.72% in 2018, respectively, in an urban population in Beijing, China. Overall, no significant differences in the HPV-positive rates were found over the five years. The peak prevalence of HPV infection in all types was observed in age group of 20-24 in all types. HPV52 was the dominant HPV type across the five years . Among all 21 HPV types, HPV66, HPV26, and HPV59 were ranked the top three in coinfection occurrence. Conclusions Our findings are very helpful for HPV screening and vaccination. The associations between gynaecological diseases and the HPV types with high prevalence, particularly HPV52, warrant further investigation. ©2020 Xu et al.Background Heat shock protein family A member 1 like (Hspa1l) is a member of the 70kD heat shock protein (Hsp70) family. HSPA1L is an ancient, evolutionarily conserved gene with a highly conserved domain structure. The gene is highly abundant and constitutively expressed in the mice testes. However, the role of Hspa1l in the testes has still not been elucidated. Methods Hspa1l-mutant mice were generated using the CRISPR/Cas9 system. Histological and immunofluorescence staining were used to analyze the phenotypes of testis and epididymis. Apoptotic cells were detected through TUNEL assays. Fertility and sperm motilities were also tested. Quantitative RT-PCR was used for analyzing of candidate genes expression. Heat treatment was used to induce heat stress of the testis. Results We successfully generated Hspa1l knockout mice. Hspa1l -/- mice exhibited normal development and fertility. Further, Hspa1l -/- mice shown no significant difference in spermatogenesis, the number of apoptotic cells in testes epididymal histology, sperm count and sperm motility from Hspa1l +/+ mice. Moreover, heat stress does not exacerbate the cell apoptosis in Hspa1l -/- testes. These results revealed that HSPA1L is not essential for physiological spermatogenesis, nor is it involved in heat-induced stress responses, which provides a basis for further studies. ©2020 Wang et al.As a vector of Xylella fastidiosa (Wells, 1987) in Europe, the meadow spittlebug Philaenus spumarius (Linnaeus, 1758) (Hemiptera, Aphrophoridae) is a species of major concern. Therefore, tools and agents to control this ubiquitous insect that develops and feeds on hundreds of plant species are wanted. We conducted a field survey of P. spumarius eggs in Corsica and provide a first report of Ooctonus vulgatus Haliday, 1833 (Hymenoptera, Mymaridae) as a potential biocontrol agent of P. spumarius in Europe. To allow species identification, we summarized the main characters distinguishing O. vulgatus from other European species of Ooctonus and generated COI DNA barcodes. Parasitism rates were variable in the four localities included in the survey but could reach 69% (for an average number of eggs that hatched per locality of 109). Based on the geographic occurrences of O. vulgatus obtained from the literature, we calibrated an ecological niche model to assess its potential distribution in the Holarctic. Obviously, several questions need to be addressed to determine whether O. vulgatus could become an effective biocontrol agent of P. spumarius in Europe. So far, O. vulgatus has been reared only from P. spumarius eggs, but its exact host-range should be evaluated to ensure efficiency and avoid non-target effect. The top-down impact of the parasitoid on vector populations should also be assessed on large data sets. Finally, the feasibility of mass rearing should be tested. We hope this report serves as a starting point to initiate research on this parasitoid wasp to assess whether it could contribute to reduce the spread and impact of X. fastidiosa in Europe. ©2020 Mesmin et al.Recent advances in long fragment read (LFR, also known as linked-read technologies or read-cloud) technologies, such as single tube long fragment reads (stLFR), 10X Genomics Chromium reads, and TruSeq synthetic long-reads, have enabled efficient haplotyping and genome assembly. However, in the case of stLFR and 10X Genomics Chromium reads, the long fragments of a genome are covered sparsely by reads in each barcode and most barcodes are contained in multiple long fragments from different regions, which results in inefficient assembly when using long-range information. Thus, methods to address these shortcomings are vital for capitalizing on the additional information obtained using these technologies. We therefore designed IterCluster, a novel, alignment-free clustering algorithm that can cluster barcodes from the same target region of a genome, using -mer frequency-based features and a Markov Cluster (MCL) approach to identify enough reads in a target region of a genome to ensure sufficient target genome sequence depth. The IterCluster method was validated using BGI stLFR and 10X Genomics chromium reads datasets. IterCluster had a higher precision and recall rate on BGI stLFR data compared to 10X Genomics Chromium read data. In addition, we demonstrated how IterCluster improves the de novo assembly results when using a divide-and-conquer strategy on a human genome data set (scaffold/contig N50 = 13.2 kbp/7.1 kbp vs. 17.1 kbp/11.9 kbp before and after IterCluster, respectively). IterCluster provides a new way for determining LFR barcode enrichment and a novel approach for de novo assembly using LFR data. IterCluster is OpenSource and available on https//github.com/JianCong-WENG/IterCluster. ©2020 Weng et al.