Merrillfriedman6361

CONCLUSIONS In our study population, a decreasing trend of T1D enrolments was observed in general while among adolescents an increasing trend was observed. © The Author(s) 2020. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. All rights reserved. Pixantrone For permissions, please e-mail journals.permissions@oup.com.Centrosomes must resist microtubule-mediated forces for mitotic chromosome segregation. During mitotic exit, however, centrosomes are deformed and fractured by those same forces, which is a key step in centrosome disassembly. How the functional material properties of centrosomes change throughout the cell cycle, and how they are molecularly tuned, remain unknown. Here, we used optically induced flow perturbations to determine the molecular basis of centrosome strength and ductility in C. elegans embryos. We found that both properties declined sharply at anaphase onset, long before natural disassembly. This mechanical transition required PP2A phosphatase and correlated with inactivation of PLK-1 (Polo kinase) and SPD-2 (Cep192). In vitro, PLK-1 and SPD-2 directly protected centrosome scaffolds from force-induced disassembly. Our results suggest that, before anaphase, PLK-1 and SPD-2 respectively confer strength and ductility to the centrosome scaffold so that it can resist microtubule-pulling forces. In anaphase, centrosomes lose PLK-1 and SPD-2 and transition to a weak, brittle state that enables force-mediated centrosome disassembly. © 2020 Mittasch et al.Professor Herbert R. Lissner was a pioneer in impact biomechanics, having initiated research on the injury mechanisms, mechanical response and human tolerance of the human brain to blunt impact 80 years ago - in 1939. This paper summarizes the contributions made by Professor Lissner in head injury as well as in the many areas of impact biomechanics in which he was involved. In 1977, the Bioengineering Division of ASME established the H.R. Lissner Award to recognize outstanding career achievements in the area of biomechanics. In 1987, this award was converted to a society-wide Medal, and to date it has been awarded to 43 exemplary researchers and educators. The lead author of this paper was Professor Lissner's first and only PhD student, and he offers a unique insight into his research and contributions. Copyright (c) 2020 by ASME.BACKGROUND We examined the trend of the prevalence of high-risk human papillomavirus (hrHPV) cervical infection among Rwandan women living with HIV (WLWH) over a period of 12 years. METHODS The prevalence of cervical hrHPV DNA was measured in three different studies conducted at three different time periods in three different groups of WLWH using three different but comparable hrHPV tests a MY09/MY11 PCR test in 2005 (RWISA) (n=497), careHPV in 2009-2010 (HPV Demonstration) (n=1,242), and Xpert HPV Test in 2016-2018 (U54) (n=4,734). Prevalences were also adjusted for age groups and CD4 cell count categories. RESULTS HrHPV prevalence decreased over time from 42.5% to 32.2% to 26.5%, respectively (p less then 0.001). CD4 cell counts improved over time (ptrend less then 0.001) so that the percentage of WLWH with CD4 counts of ≥500 cells/mm3 increased from 7.7% in 2005 to 42.2% in 2009-2010 and 61.1% in 2016-2018. Thus, after adjustment for differences in CD4 counts and age, hrHPV prevalences were much more similar over time 32.6% for RWISA, 30.6% for HPV Demonstration, and 27.1% for U54 (p=0.007). DISCUSSION The prevalence of hrHPV among WLWH has decreased over the past decade most likely the result of improved immune reconstitution due to better HIV care and management in Rwanda. © The Author(s) 2020. Published by Oxford University Press for the Infectious Diseases Society of America. All rights reserved. For permissions, e-mail journals.permissions@oup.com.Research studies to understand the biomechanics of manual wheelchair propulsion often incorporate experimental data and mathematical models. This project aimed to advance this field of study by developing a two-dimensional model to generate first of its kind forward dynamic fully predictive computer simulations of a wheelchair basketball athlete on a stationary ergometer. Subject-specific parameters and torque generator functions were implemented in the model from dual x-ray absorptiometry and human dynamometer measurements. A direct collocation optimization method was used in a wheelchair propulsion model for the first time to replicate the human muscle recruitment strategy. Simulations were generated for varying time constraints and seat positions. Similar magnitudes of kinematic and kinetic data were observed between simulation and experimental data of a first push. Furthermore, seat heights inferior to the neutral position were found to produce similar joint torques to those reported in previous studies. An anterior seat placement produced the quickest push time with the least amount of shoulder torque required. The work completed in this project demonstrates that fully predictive simulations of wheelchair propulsion have the potential of varying simulation parameters to draw meaningful conclusions. Copyright (c) 2020 by ASME.Herbivory is one of the most globally distributed disturbances affecting C-cycling in trees, yet our understanding of how it alters tree C-allocation to different functions like storage, growth or rhizodeposition is still limited. Prioritized C-allocation to storage replenishment vs. growth could explain the fast recovery of C-storage pools frequently observed in growth-reduced defoliated trees. We performed continuous 13C-labelling coupled to clipping to quantify the effects of simulated browsing on the growth, leaf morphology and relative allocation of stored vs. recently assimilated C to the growth (bulk biomass) and non-structural carbohydrate (NSC) stores (soluble sugars and starch) of the different organs of two tree species diffuse-porous (Betula pubescens) and ring-porous (Quercus petraea). C-transfers from plants to bulk and rhizosphere soil were also evaluated. Clipped birch and oak trees shifted their C-allocation patterns above-ground as a means to recover from defoliation. However, such increased allocation to current-year stems and leaves did not entail reductions in the allocation to the rhizosphere, which remained unchanged between clipped and control trees of both species.