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72, 95%CI 1.36-5.47), diabetes (HR 2.41, 95%CI 1.47-3.96), coronary artery disease (HR 1.67, 95%CI 1.01-2.77) and age (HR 1.03, 95%CI 1.01-1.06). There was no significant increase in risk of CVE following peritonitis (HR 1.37, 95%CI 0.81-2.32, p=0.24), even when accounting for age, cerebrovascular disease, diabetes and existing coronary artery disease (HR 1.32, 95%CI 0.78-2.23, p=0.30). CONCLUSIONS We did not find an increase in the risk of CVE following a peritonitis episode in PD patients. This result may be due to small sample size or rapid peritonitis treatment mitigating cardiovascular risk. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.BACKGROUND Progression of kidney disease is a deceptively simple word for a complex bio-clinical process, evidenced by the number of definitions in the literature. This has led to confusion and differences in interpretation of studies. METHODS We describe different patterns of progression, the performance of different definitions of progression and factors associated with CKD progression in a public renal service in Australia, in a study of patients enrolled in the CKD.QLD Registry and with a minimum of 2 years' follow-up. RESULTS Nine patterns of changing eGFR over two consecutive 12 month periods were identified. Most common was a stable eGFR over 2 years (30%) and least a sustainable improvement of eGFR over both periods (2.1%). There was lack of congruence between the several definitions of progression of CKD evaluated. More people progressed with definition of decline of eGFR of >5ml/min/1.73m2 /year (year 1=30.2%, year 2=20.7%) and least using development of end stage renal disease (year 1= 5.4%, year 2=9.9%). Age (40-59, ≥80yr), degree of proteinuria at baseline (nephrotic range) and CKD aetiology (renal vascular disease, diabetic nephropathy) were significantly associated with eGFR decline over 2 years. CONCLUSIONS This is one of the first demonstrations of the great variations among and within individuals in the progression of CKD over even a period as short as 2 years. Findings suggest considerable potential for renal function recovery and stability, while demonstrating the importance of using identical definitions for comparisons across data sets from different sources. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.AIM As the number of persons with dementia has increased so has the need for both specialized care and long-term care centres. Professional caregivers working in these centres encounter specific problems, including stress, burnout, and feelings of dissatisfaction, each which can affect the quality of care. Due to the nature of their work, they are more likely to experience stress, which may lead to burnout syndrome. Therefore, the aim of this work was to assess the results of a practical training programme with regard to burnout among direct care professionals in a nursing home for people with dementia. METHODS A practical training programme was conducted for caregivers at the Sagrado Corazón de Jesús Nursing Home in Cuenca, Spain. The programme used a dynamic, interactive methodology to provide training related to concepts and strategies for dementia care. Weekly 2-h sessions were held over 9 months, from April 2016 to January 2017, with the post-test administered in February. Pretest and post-test measures were taken for a sample of 36 caregivers. An anova was used to analyze the differences in means before and after training. An ancova was also performed to determine the effects of the intervention. selleck kinase inhibitor RESULTS The results revealed a significant difference between pre- and post-intervention emotional exhaustion and depersonalization scores. Personal accomplishment scores improved, but the changes were not significant. CONCLUSION A practical training programme for direct care professionals working with dementia patients can decrease burnout levels. © 2020 Japanese Psychogeriatric Society.Skilled nursing facility (SNF) spending has been one of the fastest growing categories of Medicare spending over the past few decades, and reductions in SNF payments are often recommended as part of Medicare cost containment efforts. Using a quasi-experiment resulting from a policy-driven and facility-specific Medicare payment change, we provide new evidence on how Medicare payment changes affect the amount of SNF care provided to Medicare patients. Specifically, we examine a one-time, plausibly exogenous change in the hospital wage index, an area-level adjustment to SNF payments that affected the majority of SNFs nationwide. Using a panel dataset of SNFs, we model the effects of these payment changes on more than 12,000 SNFs across the United States. We find that increases in Medicare payment rates to SNFs increased the total number of Medicare resident days at SNFs. Specifically, a 5% payment increase raised Medicare resident days by 2.33% at facilities with a 10% Medicare share relative to 0%. Further, the effects were asymmetric Although Medicare payment increases affected Medicare days, payment decreases did not. Our results have important implications for policies that alter the Medicare base payment rates to SNFs and other health care providers. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.The nonpathogenic and ubiquitous torque teno virus (TTV) is associated with immunosuppression in solid organ transplant recipients. Studies in kidney transplant patients proposed TTV quantification for risk stratification of graft rejection and infection. In this prospective trial (DRKS00012335) 386 consecutive kidney transplant recipients were subjected to longitudinal per-protocol monitoring of plasma TTV load by polymerase chain reaction for 12 months posttransplant. TTV load peaked at the end of month 3 posttransplant and reached steady state thereafter. TTV load after the end of month 3 was analyzed in the context of subsequent rejection diagnosed by indication biopsy and infection within the first year posttransplant, respectively. Each log increase in TTV load decreased the odds for rejection by 22% (odds ratio [OR] 0.78, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.62-0.97; P = .027) and increased the odds for infection by 11% (OR 1.11, 95% CI 1.06-1.15; P  less then  .001). TTV was quantified at a median of 14 days before rejection was diagnosed and 27 days before onset of infection, respectively. We defined a TTV load between 1 × 106 and 1 × 108 copies/mL as optimal range to minimize the risk for rejection and infection. These data support the initiation of an interventional trial assessing the efficacy of TTV-guided immunosuppression to reduce infection and graft rejection in kidney transplant recipients. © 2020 The Authors. American Journal of Transplantation published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of The American Society of Transplantation and the American Society of Transplant Surgeons.OBJECTIVES To test whether providing psychological self-help materials would significantly lower the incidence of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) at 6-12 weeks postnatally. DESIGN Open-label randomised controlled trial, with blinded outcome assessment. SETTING Community midwifery services in two National Health Service (NHS) trusts in the North West. SAMPLE A cohort of 2419 women receiving normal NHS postnatal care. METHODS Midwives screened women for traumatic birth experience; 678 women who screened positively (28.1%) were randomly allocated to self-help with usual care (n = 336) or to usual care alone (n = 342). The self-help materials were a leaflet and online film designed to prevent the development of PTSD after trauma exposure through explaining how to manage early psychological responses. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE The primary outcome was a composite of diagnostic and subdiagnostic PTSD at 6-12 weeks postnatally using the gold-standard Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS-5) interview. RESULTS Of the 678 women correctly randomised plus the nine women randomised in error, 478 (70.5%) were followed up. Diagnostic or subdiagnostic PTSD rates at follow-up did not differ between groups who received self-help (26.7%, 65/243) or usual care alone (26.2%, 64/244) (intention-to-treat analysis RR 1.02, 95% CI 0.68-1.53). Findings remained consistent in the per-protocol analysis (RR 1.04, 95% CI 0.85-1.27). Women viewed the materials very positively. There were no adverse effects. Health economic micro-costing indicated implementation would be very low cost. CONCLUSIONS Many women experience a traumatic birth and risk developing PTSD, but self-help strategies without professional support are insufficient and should not be routinely introduced. TWEETABLE ABSTRACT Self-help information alone does not reduce the number of women developing PTSD after a traumatic childbirth. © 2020 Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists.Detection of the relevant brain regions for characterizing the distinction between cognitive conditions is one of the most sought after objectives in neuroimaging research. A popular approach for achieving this goal is the multivariate pattern analysis which is currently conducted through a number of approaches such as the popular searchlight procedure. This is due to several advantages such as being automatic and flexible with regards to size of the search region. However, these approaches suffer from a number of limitations which can lead to misidentification of truly informative regions which in turn results in imprecise information maps. These limitations mainly stem from several factors such as the fact that the information value of the search spheres are assigned to the voxel at the center of them (in case of searchlight), the requirement for manual tuning of parameters such as searchlight radius and shape, and high complexity and low interpretability in commonly used machine learning-based approaches. cals, Inc.Grain/seed yield and plant stress tolerance are two major traits that determine the yield potential of many crops. In cereals, grain size is one of the key factors affecting grain yield. Here, we identify and characterize a newly discovered gene Rice Big Grain 1 (RBG1) that regulates grain and organ development, as well as abiotic stress tolerance. Ectopic expression of RBG1 leads to significant increases in the size of not only grains but also other major organs such as roots, shoots and panicles. Increased grain size is primarily due to elevated cell numbers rather than cell enlargement. RBG1 is preferentially expressed in meristematic and proliferating tissues. Ectopic expression of RBG1 promotes cell division, and RBG1 co-localizes with microtubules known to be involved in cell division, which may account for the increase in organ size. Ectopic expression of RBG1 also increases auxin accumulation and sensitivity, which facilitates root development, particularly crown roots. Moreover, overexpression of RBG1 up-regulated a large number of heat-shock proteins, leading to enhanced tolerance to heat, osmotic and salt stresses, as well as rapid recovery from water-deficit stress. Ectopic expression of RBG1 regulated by a specific constitutive promoter, GOS2, enhanced harvest index and grain yield in rice. Taken together, we have discovered that RBG1 regulates two distinct and important traits in rice, namely grain yield and stress tolerance, via its effects on cell division, auxin and stress protein induction. © 2020 The Authors. Plant Biotechnology Journal published by Society for Experimental Biology and The Association of Applied Biologists and John Wiley & Sons Ltd.