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In kidney, NKA activity was highest at intermediate salinities (15 and 10). The salinity-dependent NKA mRNA expression patterns differed depending on the tissue. Marked changes were also observed in the expression of genes coding membrane proteins associated with ion and water transport, such as NKCC2, CFTR and AQP8, and in the expression of mRNA for the regulatory hormone prolactin (PRL) and its receptor (PRLr). Our results demonstrate that freshening causes osmotic imbalances in H. antarcticus, apparently due to reduced capacity of both transport and regulatory mechanisms of key organs to maintain homeostasis. This has implications for fish species that have evolved in stable environmental conditions in the Antarctic, now threatened by climate change.

Antibiotic-associated adverse events (AEs) in hospitalized children have not been comprehensively characterized.

We conducted a retrospective observational study of children hospitalized at The Johns Hopkins Hospital receiving ≥24 hours of systemic antibiotics. Consensus regarding antibiotic-associated AE definitions was established by 5 infectious diseases specialists prior to data collection. Two physicians reviewed potential AEs and determined whether they were more likely than not related to antibiotics after comprehensive manual chart review. Inpatient and post-discharge AEs were identified using the Epic Care Everywhere network. AEs evaluated from the initiation of antibiotics until 30 days after antibiotic completion included gastrointestinal, hematologic, hepatobiliary, renal, neurologic, dermatologic, cardiac, myositis, vascular access device-related events, and systemic reactions. Ninety-day AEs included Clostridioides difficile infections, multidrug-resistant organism infections, and clinically AEs. Clinicians should weigh the risk of harm against expected benefit when prescribing antibiotics.This paper presents a quick and straightforward method to evaluate image distortion in scanning electron microscopy using a certified reference material (CRM) as a test specimen. The CRM has a square dot-array structure, whose dot-pitch has an accredited value. By calculating the distance between each dot of the CRM via image analysis, we can detect the distortion in the image as variations of dot interval. Furthermore, by considering the uncertainty of the certified value, it is possible to quantitatively evaluate the significance of the distortion in the image. This method enables us to easily estimate the uncertainty from image distortion, which can improve the reliability of measurement by scanning electron microscopy.

The GENE-UP® Listeria spp. 2 (LIS 2) assay (Performance Tested MethodSM 121803) is a real-time PCR molecular detection method for the rapid detection of Listeria species (Listeria monocytogenes, L. innocua, L. ivanovii, L. seeligeri, and L. welshimeri) in a variety of foods and environmental surfaces.

The purpose of this validation was to evaluate the method's interlaboratory performance and submit the results to AOAC INTERNATIONAL for adoption as First Action Official MethodSM for the detection of Listeria species in a variety of foods and select environmental surfaces.

The GENE-UP method was evaluated in a multi-laboratory study as part of the AFNOR NF VALIDATION certification process using unpaired test portions for one food matrix, full-cream goat milk cottage cheese (8.4% fat). The candidate method was compared to the ISO 11290-1/Amd.1 reference method. Sixteen participants from 15 laboratories throughout the European Union participated. Three levels of contamination were evaluated a non-inoculatedtal surfaces.A 23-month old female with hypoplastic myelodysplastic syndrome underwent allogenic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT), complicated by development of acute exotropia. Bilateral chorioretinal scars and a ring enhancing brain lesion were identified in further workup. Disseminated toxoplasmosis post-allogeneic HCT was subsequently confirmed by serologic and polymerase chain reaction testing results.

Adult patients with both inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and celiac disease (CeD) have peculiar phenotypic features. This study aimed at describing the characteristics and natural history of children with both IBD and CeD.

This was a case-control study based on a national registry. Cases included children diagnosed with both IBD and CeD. Two matched IBD controls without CeD, and 2 matched CeD controls were selected for each case. Inflammatory bowel disease phenotype and natural history, comprising growth and pubertal development, were compared between groups.

Forty-nine (1.75%) patients with IBD and CeD were identified out of 2800 patients with IBD. Androgen Receptor animal study Compared with patients with IBD alone, patients with IBD and CeD presented more frequently with autoimmune diseases (odds ratio, 2.81; 95% CI, 0.97-8.37; P = 0.04). Ileocolonic localization (46.1% vs 73.1%), treatment with azathioprine (46.2% vs 71.2%), and anti-TNF biologics (46.2% vs 69.2%) were less common in patients with Crohn's disease and CeD than in patients with Crohn's disease alone. Patients with ulcerative colitis and CeD had an increased risk of colectomy despite similar medical treatments compared with patients with ulcerative colitis alone (13.0% vs 0%). Pubertal delay was more common in patients with IBD and CeD compared with patients with IBD alone (14.9% vs 3.2%; odds artio, 5.24; 95% CI, 1.13-33.0; P = 0.02) and CeD alone (14.9% vs 1.1%; P = 0.002).

Children with IBD and CeD may have peculiar features with a higher risk for autoimmune diseases, colectomy, and pubertal delay compared with IBD alone.

Children with IBD and CeD may have peculiar features with a higher risk for autoimmune diseases, colectomy, and pubertal delay compared with IBD alone.

Transmural healing (TH) is associated with better long-term outcomes in Crohn disease (CD), whereas pretreatment ileal gene signatures encoding myeloid inflammatory responses and extracellular matrix production are associated with stricturing. We aimed to develop a predictive model for ileal TH and to identify ileal genes and microbes associated with baseline luminal narrowing (LN), a precursor to strictures.

Baseline small bowel imaging obtained in the RISK pediatric CD cohort study was graded for LN. Ileal gene expression was determined by RNASeq, and the ileal microbial community composition was characterized using 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing. Clinical, demographic, radiologic, and genomic variables were tested for association with baseline LN and future TH.

After controlling for ileal location, baseline ileal LN (odds ratio [OR], 0.3; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.1-0.8), increasing serum albumin (OR, 4; 95% CI, 1.3-12.3), and anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae antibodies IgG serology (OR, 0.97; 95% Cetween specific microbiota, wound healing gene programs, and LN may suggest future therapeutic targets.We investigated the characteristics of patients with pertussis who did not receive preschool vaccination boosters. Fifteen patients with laboratory-confirmed pertussis and 29 pertussis-negative patients were compared. All pertussis-positive patients, but only 17% of pertussis-negative patients, were elementary school age and older. There is a need to study the utility of routine preschool pertussis vaccine booster in Japan.Many common household herbal preparations may have seizurogenic ingredients. We report 15 children with seizures following exposure to such compounds oral ingestion of liquid preparation in 13, and local application of balm and Eucalyptus oil ingestion in one each. All children, except one, had generalized seizures. This study highlights the need to address this history during evaluation of first seizure, and increase awareness of seizurogenic potential of such preparations.Postnatal growth failure and its impact on the long term outcomes in preterm neonates is a long-standing problem. Optimal and aggressive nutrition strategies are required to ameliorate these concerns. Total parenteral nutrition (TPN) is widely practiced in management of preterm neonates. Recently published National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) guidelines provide recommendations for best practices for parenteral nutrition in neonates. However, healthcare associated sepsis, expertise as well as infrastructure of TPN, monitoring facilities and cost remain major constraints for widespread use of TPN in resource limited settings. Current update is aimed to summarize NICE and European society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism (ESPEN) guidelines to inform best practice for TPN for neonatologists in India.

West syndrome is one of the commonest causes of epilepsy in infants and young children and is a significant contributor to neurodevelopmental morbidity. Multiple regimens for treatment are in use.

An expert group consisting of pediatric neurologists and epileptologists was constituted. Experts were divided into focus groups and had interacted on telephone and e-mail regarding their group recommendations, and developed a consensus. The evidence was reviewed, and for areas where the evidence was not certain, the Delphi consensus method was adopted. The final guidelines were circulated to all experts for approval.

Diagnosis should be based on clinical recognition (history/home video recordings) of spasms and presence of hypsarrhythmia or its variants on electroencephalography. A magnetic resonance imaging of the brain is the preferred neuroimaging modality. Other investigations such as genetic and metabolic testing should be planned as per clinico-radiological findings. Hormonal therapy (adrenocorticotropiogical findings. Hormonal therapy (adrenocorticotropic hormone or oral steroids) should be preferred for cases other than tuberous sclerosis complex and vigabatrin should be the first choice for tuberous sclerosis complex. Both ACTH and high dose prednisolone have reasonably similar efficacy and adverse effect profile for West syndrome. The choice depends on the preference of the treating physician and the family, based on factors of cost, availability of infrastructure and personnel for daily intramuscular injections, and monitoring side effects. Second line treatment options include anti-epileptic drugs (vigabatrin, sodium valproate, topiramate, zonisamide, nitrazepam and clobazam), ketogenic diet and epilepsy surgery.

To describe clinical features in Indian girls with Turner syndrome along with the phenotype-karyotype correlation.

103 girls with Turner syndrome were divided into karyotype-groups Classic (45X), 45,X/46,XX mosaics, isochromosomeXq (46,X,iXq and 45,X/46,X,iXq mosaics), 45,X/46,XYmosaics and structural defects, and analyzed for phenotypic differences.

Majority (44.1%) had classic karyotype followed by isochromosome-Xq (26.5%). Classic Turner syndrome had higher prevalence of most skeletal and cutaneous stigmata, cubitus valgus (68.3%) and multiple nevi (68.2%) being the commonest. Bicuspid aortic valve was most common in 45,X/46,XX mosaics (5/15, 33.3%), and aortic coarctation in classic TS (3/42, 7.2%). Congenital renal anomalies occurred mostly in classic TS (6/42,14.3%). Overt hypothyroidism, conductive deafness and recurrent otitis media were commonest in isochromosomes (P<0.03). 45,X/46,XY mosaics had highest IQ (P<0.005).

We report some novel associations of karyotype with non-endocrine parameters in Turner syndrome.