Mcmillansargent8719

e of nonfatal choking injuries increased, while rate of choking fatalities in children decreased after 2010. However, the choking fatalities rate in 0-4 years olds, the highest risk group, did not change. Racial gaps exist with highest rates of injury in Black children. We must continue to educate and raise awareness of choking injuries, with targeted efforts to address racial disparities.Phenylalanine (Phe) is widely present in natural water and serves as a precursor of disinfection by-products (DBPs). We reported the identification of chloramination DBPs from Phe in drinking water using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) coupled with complementary high-resolution quadrupole time-of-flight (QTOF) and triple quadrupole (tQ) tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). In the chloraminated Phe water solution, sixteen new DBPs in a total of seventeen were identified based on their accurate mass, MS/MS spectra and 35Cl/37Cl isotopic patterns. Three of these DBPs were verified as benzamide, phenylacetamide, and p-hydroxyphenylacetamide with their standards, while the others were chlorinated derivatives of Phe, hydrazone, amidine, amide and peroxide, in which the unique structures of these DBPs were rarely reported. Their stability and formation process were investigated as well. Furthermore, a method consisting of solid phase extraction (SPE) and UHPLC-MS/MS using dynamic multiple reaction monitoring (dMRM) was developed to investigate these DBPs in authentic waters. Phe, benzamide, phenylacetamide, and N-Cl-2-phenylacetimidamide were detected in chlorinated tap water. Compared with the other identified DBPs, these three DBPs were exceptionally stable and could be formed in wide formation conditions. Our work not only provided ideas for the identification of new chloramination DBPs, but also demonstrated that some DBPs usually generated in the chloramination disinfection process could also be found in the chlorinated drinking water.The reaction process of petrochemical sludge under hydrothermal conditions was investigated to explore the feasibility of its disposal using hydrothermal treatment. Experiments were conducted in an autoclave for 30 min at 350-450 °C. During the hydrothermal treat of petrochemical sludge, 44.98%-59.64% of the oil (organic matter) in the sludge was decomposed into aqueous and gas products. The gas yield reached 1.37 mol/kg of organic matter at reaction temperature of 450 °C. The H2 yield was 0.26 mol/kg of organic matter. The primary product was still in the aqueous phase. The TOC concentration of the aqueous product was in the range of 14,960-19,050 mg/L. The concentration of COD, total phenol, and total nitrogen of product were in the ranges of 9029-10,870, 13.83-20.10, and 497.5-599.0 mg/L, respectively. The group analysis and GC-MS analysis of the residual oil indicated that the saturated long chain hydrocarbons (C18-C21) in petrochemical sludge had decomposed to form saturated short chain hydrocarbons (C11-C17); however, the short chain saturated hydrocarbons in the sludge had decomposed thoroughly. The removal rate of asphaltenes, resins and aromatic hydrocarbons were low. Finally, a mechanism for treating petrochemical sludge under hydrothermal conditions was proposed. The study provides an experimental basis for the hydrothermal treatment of petrochemical sludge.A biotrickling filter (BTF) was combined with a microbial fuel cell (MFC) to remove ethyl acetate from exhaust gas while generating electricity in the process. The results indicated that the use of carbide porous ceramic rings (CPCR) as auxiliary anodes produced more biomass and exhibited a high average removal efficiency (98%), making it a superior microorganism growth carrier compared with carbon coke. When CPCR was used as the cathode in the BTF-MFC, the maximum power density (PD) was 5.64-14.8% of that achieved when carbon cloth was used as the cathode, revealing that CPCR is not a suitable cathode. The maximum elimination capacity (EC) and output voltage of the two-stage BTF-MFC (tBTF-MFC) were only 69.4% and 68.4% of those of the single-stage BTF-MFC (sBTF-MFC), presumably because of voltage reversal. Although the output voltage and EC in the tBTF-MFC were less than those in the sBTF-MFC, the follow-up field application involves stacking multiple small MFCs to remove high-concentration pollutants and generate a high power output. Additionally, continuously adding sodium sulfite decreased the average dissolved oxygen; generated an averaged closed-circuit voltage of 477 mV; and produced a maximum PD of 71.7 mW/m3. These findings demonstrated that the aforementioned method can effectively improve the problem of oxygen and MFC anodes competing for electrons, thus delivering a method that enhances MFC performance through controlling the amount of oxygen in practical applications.Nitrite (NO2-) reduction by carbon dioxide anion radical (CO2•-) from the activation of small molecule carboxylic acid was investigated to selectively reduce nitrite to nitrogen gas (N2). However, the CO2•- generation efficiency from the activation of small molecule carboxylic acid needs to be enhanced to increase the NO2- reduction efficiency. In this study, a novel and promising process for selective NO2- reduction was proposed based on activation of oxalic acid (OA) by UV radiation coupled with Fe3+. In Fe(III)/OA/UV system, the activation of OA by photo-induced electron transfer process of Fe(III)-oxalate complex and by •OH radical from the photolysis of Fe3+ or NO2- could promote the generation of CO2•- radical, which enhanced the NO2- reduction. The 100% removal efficiency of NO2-, 94.72% of total nitrogen (TN) and 94.72% of selectivity for N2 were achieved in Fe(III)/OA/UV/NO2- system, at the Fe3+ dosage of 8 mmol/L, initial pH of 1.70, OA dosage of 16 mmol/L, initial NO2- concentration of 30 mg N/L, and reaction time of 180 min. CO2•- radical played a significant role in the reduction of NO2- by Fe(III)/OA/UV system based on the inhibition experiments in which methyl violet was used as a quenching agent of CO2•- radical. Based on the results from batch experiments and FTIR analysis, the activation mechanism of OA and selective reduction mechanism of NO2- in Fe(III)/OA/UV system was proposed.Deltamethrin (DTM) is a pyrethroid insecticide widely used for agricultural purposes. Exposure to DTM has proven to be harmful to humans, but whether low, environmental concentrations of this pesticide also poses a threat to wild mammals is still unknown. In Neotropical areas, bats play important roles in contributing to forest regeneration. We investigated the effects of DTM exposure on the reproductive function of male Neotropical fruit-eating bats (Artibeus lituratus), known for contributing to reforestation through seed dispersal in Neotropical Forests. Bats were assigned to 3 groups control (fed with papaya); DTM2 (fed with papaya treated with DTM at 0.02 mg/kg) and DTM4 (fed with papaya treated with DTM at 0.04 mg/kg) for seven days. Bats from DTM2 and DTM4 groups showed increased testicular levels of nitric oxide and superoxide dismutase and catalase activities. The germinal epithelium from DTM4 bats showed non-viable cells and cell desquamation, indicating microscopic lesions and Leydig cells atrophy. Our results demonstrate the onset of cell degeneration that may affect the reproductive function in DTM exposed bats.To develop Bi2S3-based heterojunction for efficient solar light induced photoreduction of Cr(VI), flower-like Bi2S3-In2S3 composites consisted of nanorods were prepared via a microwave-assisted hydrothermal route. In contrast with pure Bi2S3, Bi2S3-In2S3 composites exhibited the enhanced photoreduction activity while the decreased adsorption capacity for Cr(VI) removal. The best removal efficiency of 70 mg L-1 Cr(VI) solution (99.86%) was achieved by the optimal 3-Bi2S3-In2S3 with a Bi/In molar ratio of 41 within 140 min. It's ascribed to the narrow band gap for strengthened visible-light response, the tight interface between Bi2S3 and In2S3 for rapid transfer and separation of charge carriers, and the enough S vacancies for highly-efficient active sites of adsorption-photoreduction. However, the long-term photo-corrosion resulted in the slightly inferior reusability of 3-Bi2S3-In2S3 under solar light irradiation after five cycles.In this study, a high-rate CANON (Complete Autotrophic Nitrogen-removal Over Nitrite) process was started up successfully by enhancing the in-situ enrichment of anammox bacteria in aerobic granules at conditions relevant for mainstream wastewater treatment. Firstly, to provide nitrite for anammox bacteria growth efficient nitrite-oxidizing bacteria (NOB) repression was rapidly achieved and stably maintained. Both low dissolved oxygen (DO) and ammonium concentrations ratio (DO/NH4+ less then 0.15) and selective washing-out of NOB-preferred smaller particles at short hydraulic retention time (HRT, 25-15 min) contributed to the NOB repression. Then the stepwise down-regulating DO concentrations from 2.8 to 1.2 mg/L enhanced the enrichment of anammox bacteria in the aerobic granules. The enriched anammox species was dominated by Ca. Brocadia sapporoensis with the estimated growth rate of 0.008-0.013 d-1 at 15 °C. Chloroflexi and Chlorobi-affiliated bacteria were also significantly enriched in the granules, which may benefit the anammox bacteria activity and growth. At the end of this study, the average total nitrogen removal rate and efficiency of the granular CANON process respectively reached 1.26 kg N·m-3·d-1 and 68% treating low-strength ammonium (∼50 mg N·L-1) wastewater under such aggressive conditions (DO = 0.8-1.5 mg/L, HRT less then 1.0 h, and T = 15 °C). Overall, the aerobic granules provided a habitable niche for the proliferation and almost complete retention of the anammox bacteria. This study provides a roadmap for in-situ starting up of high-rate CANON process for mainstream wastewater treatment with aerobic granules as inoculum.Aluminum (Al) is considered as a potential limiting factor for plant growth in acidic environment. selleck compound At lower concentration, Al promotes plant growth by facilitating the phosphorous availability, while, at higher concentration, it causes rhizotoxicity by inhibiting the nutrient transportation system. Cellular membrane is identified as the first site of Al toxicity, which is consequent to Al-induced reactive oxygen species prompted lipid catabolism. Among all the soluble forms, the trivalent cationic form (Al3+) of Al is most toxic. Though, the ability to ascribe Al-tolerance is very complex, exclusion is an extensively established process contributing to Al3+ detoxification. Alteration in pH at root apex/rhizosphere, exudation of chelating agents, cell wall immobilization, and Al efflux have been recognized as probable methods for exclusion of Al, which is highly dependent on concentrations of organic acids, and plant species. Additionally, exogenous applications of boron, silicon, calcium, etc., in Al-stressed plant species can form a conjugate with it, thereby reducing its bioavailability/toxicity. Moreover, nanoparticles (NPs) are emerging tools in agricultural sector, which are found to be relatively more effective in mitigation of metal stress compared to their bulk materials. This review exhibits the fundamental approaches of Al phytotoxicity and endows with a comprehensive knowledge of the cellular and metabolic processes underlying toxic impacts along with ameliorative efficiencies of various potential agents including NPs. Additionally, it also elucidates the molecular mechanisms, future research prospects and challenges in effective alleviation mechanisms for enhancing plant Al-tolerance, to improve the growth and yields of susceptible-species on acidic soil.