Mcleodottesen2101

Laser-induced hydrogen plasma in the density and temperature range of (0.1-5)×10^23m^-3 and (6000-20000)K, respectively, was precisely diagnosed using two-color Thomson scattering technique, inferring the electron number density, electron temperature as well as ion temperature. Simultaneously, spectra of the Balmer series of spectral lines from H-β to H-ζ were measured and plasma emission coefficient calculated within the quasicontiguous frequency-fluctuation model. The theoretical spectra are found to be in good agreement with experimental ones, including higher-density data where discrete lines were observed to merge forming a continuum.Glassy dynamics in a confluent monolayer is indispensable in morphogenesis, wound healing, bronchial asthma, and many others; a detailed theoretical framework for such a system is, therefore, important. Vertex-model (VM) simulations have provided crucial insights into the dynamics of such systems, but their nonequilibrium nature makes theoretical development difficult. The cellular Potts model (CPM) of confluent monolayers provides an alternative model for such systems with a well-defined equilibrium limit. We combine numerical simulations of the CPM and an analytical study based on one of the most successful theories of equilibrium glass, the random first-order transition theory, and develop a comprehensive theoretical framework for a confluent glassy system. We find that the glassy dynamics within the CPM is qualitatively similar to that in the VM. Our study elucidates the crucial role of geometric constraints in bringing about two distinct regimes in the dynamics, as the target perimeter P_0 is varied. The unusual sub-Arrhenius relaxation results from the distinctive interaction potential arising from the perimeter constraint in such systems. The fragility of the system decreases with increasing P_0 in the low-P_0 regime, whereas the dynamics is independent of P_0 in the other regime. The rigidity transition, found in the VM, is absent within the CPM; this difference seems to come from the nonequilibrium nature of the former. We show that the CPM captures the basic phenomenology of glassy dynamics in a confluent biological system via comparison of our numerical results with existing experiments on different systems.Heat conduction through a disordered Fermi-Pasta-Ulam-β (DFPU-β) chain is studied. The presence of disorder makes the heat current behave significantly different from that of the ordered Fermi-Pasta-Ulam-β (FPU-β) chain. Thanks to the interplay between disorder and anharmonicity, a nonmonotonic-monotonic transition occurs when the disorder strength increases. C188-9 That is, a peak for the heat current emerges for weak disorder; however, monotonic increasing of the heat current shows up for strong disorder. This can be understood based on the competition between two effects of anharmonicity on phonons, namely, delocalization and phonon-phonon scattering, which is shown by the spectral decomposition of heat current.The segregation of large intruders in an agitated granular system is of high practical relevance, yet the accurate modeling of the segregation (lift) force is challenging as a general formulation of a granular equivalent of a buoyancy force remains elusive. Here, we critically assess the validity of a granular buoyancy model using a generalization of the Archimedean formulation that has been proposed very recently for chute flows. The first model system studied is a convection-free vibrated system, allowing us to calculate the buoyancy force through three different approaches, i.e., a generalization of the Archimedean formulation, the spring force of a virtual spring, and through the granular pressure field. The buoyancy forces obtained through these three approaches agree very well, providing strong evidence for the validity of the generalization of the Archimedean formulation of the buoyancy force which only requires an expression for the solid fraction of the intruder, hence allowing for a computationally less demanding calculation of the buoyancy force as coarse graining is avoided. In a second step, convection is introduced as a further complication to the granular system. In such a system, the lift force is composed of granular buoyancy and a drag force. Using a drag model for the slow-velocity regime, the lift force, directly measured through a virtual spring, can be predicted accurately by adding a granular drag force to the generalization of the Archimedean formulation of the granular buoyancy. The developed lift force model allows us to rationalize the dependence of the lift force on the density of the bed particles and the intruder diameter, the independence of the lift force on the intruder diameter, and the independence of the lift force on the intruder density and the vibration strength (once a critical value is exceeded).In a glass of stout beer, a very large number of small dispersed bubbles form a texture motion of a bubble swarm moving downwards. Such a cascading motion is caused by a gravity-driven hydrodynamic instability and depends on the interbubble distance. To estimate these two corresponding indicators, an experimentally measured velocity profile is required and, thus, is obtained a posteriori. However, it is unknown why the bubble cascade is observed only in stout beer with nitrogen, such as Guinness beer. To address this question via a priori estimation, here, we develop a mathematical continuum model of film flow in bubbly liquid, uncovering the essential dynamics among many physical processes occurring simultaneously in a glass. To validate the proposed model, we perform a numerical simulation of the distribution of massless Lagrangian particles in an inclined container. We investigate the effects of particle concentration, inclination angle, particle diameter, and container size on the cascading film flow. The results reveal that the motion and waviness of clear-fluid film can be successfully estimated a priori to experiments or simulations. Moreover, it is found that the continuum behavior of particles in the film flow is analogous to the continuum description of rarefied gas dynamics. These findings explain how the cascading bubbles in a pint glass of stout beer satisfy the continuum assumption and suggest a general condition for the onset of the cascade, for instance, a 200-l drum for carbonated water.