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n methods of increased fidelity (3D and VR) are appropriate alternatives to 2D conventional orthognathic surgical simulation methods when combined with traditional records. Qualitative feedback confirms residents' readiness to adopt VR simulation. However, comprehensive training is needed to increase familiarity and comfort with using the new technology.The most beneficial effect of corticosteroid therapy in COVID-19 patients has been shown in subjects receiving invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV), corresponding to a score of 6 on the World Health Organization (WHO) COVID-19 Ordinal Scale for Clinical Improvement (OSCI). The aim of this observational, single-center, prospective study was to assess the association between corticosteroids and hospital mortality in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients who did not receive IMV (OSCI 3-5). Included were 1,311 COVID-19 patients admitted to nonintensive care wards, and they were divided in two cohorts (i) 480 patients who received corticosteroid therapy and (ii) 831 patients who did not. The median daily dose was of 8 mg of dexamethasone or equivalent, with a mean therapy duration of 5 (3-9) days. The indication to administer or withhold corticosteroids was given by the treating physician. In-hospital mortality was similar between the two cohorts after adjusting for possible confounders (adjusted odds ratio (ORadj) 1.04, 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.81-1.34, P = 0.74). There was also no difference in Intensive Care Unit (ICU) admission (ORadj 0.81, 95% CI, 0.56-1.17, P = 0.26). COVID-19 patients with noninvasive mechanical ventilation (NIMV) had a lower risk for ICU admission if they received steroid therapy (ORadj 0.58, 95% CI, 0.35-0.94, P = 0.03). In conclusion, corticosteroids were overall not associated with a difference in hospital mortality for patients with COVID-19 with OSCI 3-5. In the subgroup of patients with NIMV (OSCI 5), corticosteroids reduced ICU admission, whereas the effect on mortality requires further studies.The cornea is a specialized component of the vertebrate eye that provides protection, refractive power, transparency for optical imaging and mechanical support. However, the corneas of birds have received little attention with no comprehensive study of their functional morphology. Using light microscopy and both scanning and transmission electron microscopy, the first description of the ultrastructure of all of the main components of the cornea in two different-sized individuals of the Little Penguin Eudyptula minor is presented. Two types of microprojections protrude from the surface of the cornea with a predominance of microridges and microvilli found in central (flattened) and peripheral regions, respectively. Epithelial cell density is higher in peripheral cornea, especially in the larger (older) individual, while there is a reduction of epithelial cell density with age. The cornea comprises a thick epithelium uniquely attached to the basement membrane with numerous incursions rather than anchoring fibres and anchoring plaques as is found in other vertebrate corneas. Posterior to Bowman's layer, the orthogonally-arranged collagen fibril lamellae in the stroma form extensive branches and anastomoses. Desçemet's membrane is well-developed with an anterior or foetal portion with long banding. However, the thickness of Desçemet's membrane is larger in the older individual with the inclusion of an additional irregular pale-staining posterior portion. Polygonal endothelial cells extend across the cornea as a monolayer with often tortuous cell junctions. Chk inhibitor Endothelial cell density increases towards the periphery, but decreases with age. Primary cilia are observed protruding through the central region of some endothelial cells into the anterior segment but subsurface structures resembling cilia suggest that these features may be more common. The ultrastructure of the corneal components reveals a range of functional adaptations that reflect the amphibious lifestyle of this seabird.

The aroma intensity of rice is mixed of more than 100 volatile compounds. Fragrant rice is famous in Thailand due to specific aroma. One important volatile compound that contributes to aromatic intensity and represents a characteristic compound for fragrant rice is 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline (2AP). The production of volatile compounds and 2AP in rice is affected by various environmental factors, such as cultivation area, water content and temperature.

Our research employed 29 samples of fragrant colored rice (Luempua black glutinous rice cultivar) from Phetchabun province, Thailand from three harvested rice seasons (2015-2017). The cultivation areas of rice samples exhibited differences in rainfall (976.6-1260.5 mm y r

) and altitude (26.26-1033.41 m). All volatile compounds and 2AP were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). In 29 rice samples, 2AP levels decreased with increasing of rainfall. The increase in altitude seems to increase 2AP levels, but some high-altitude cultivation areasies. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.The usual function-on-function linear regression model depicts the association between functional variables in the whole rectangular region and the value of response curve at any point is influenced by the entire trajectory of the predictor curve. But in addition to this, there are cases where the value of the response curve at a point is only influenced by the value of the predictor curve in a subregion, such as the historical relationship and the short-term association. We will consider the restricted function-on-function regression model, where the value of response curve at any point is influenced by a subtrajectory of the predictor. We have two major purposes. First, we propose a novel estimation procedure that is more accurate and computational efficient for the restricted function-on-function model with a given subregion. Second, as the subregion is seldom specified in practice, we propose a subregion selection procedure that can lead to models with better interpretation and predictive performance. Algorithms are developed for both model estimation and subregion selection.