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Because each CNS region shows either vulnerability to or resistance against PrP deposition and pathological progression in prion disease, the lesion distribution shows system degeneration. Although pathologically combined cases of type 1 and type 2 PrP patterns are often recognized, type 1 and type 2 PrP patterns must never shift toward each other during the disease course; in other words, the original type of PrP deposition in each region presumably remains unchanged in each case. According to the several observations and corresponding speculations, there are at least partial similarities between prion disease and protein propagation, as explained by the Braak hypothesis, in terms of pathological lesion progression, but several noted contradictions preclude the hypothesis from comprehensively accounting for prion disease. © 2020 Japanese Society of Neuropathology.Chemical shift tensors obtained from solid-state NMR spectroscopy are very sensitive reporters of structure and dynamics in proteins. While accurate 13 C and 15 N chemical shift tensors are accessible by magic angle spinning (MAS) NMR, their quantum mechanical calculations remain challenging, particularly for 15 N atoms. Here we compare experimentally determined backbone 13 C α and 15 N H chemical shift tensors by MAS NMR with hybrid quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics/molecular dynamics (MD-QM/MM) calculations for the carbohydrate-binding domain of galectin-3. Excellent agreement between experimental and computed 15 N H chemical shift anisotropy values was obtained using the Amber ff15ipq force field when solvent dynamics was taken into account in the calculation. S64315 in vivo Our results establish important benchmark conditions for improving the accuracy of chemical shift calculations in proteins and may aid in the validation of protein structure models derived by MAS NMR. © 2020 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.What was initially a lung infection epidemic in the metropolitan area of Wuhan followed by a now contained extension to mainland China has now spread to all continents as a major pandemic with current hotspots in Europe and the USA. This minireview is an update of an earlier report on this novel coronavirus infection (Brüssow, 2020, Microb Biotech 13, 607). I am now summarizing the research literature published between end of February to mid-April 2020. © 2020 The Authors. Microbial Biotechnology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd and Society for Applied Microbiology.3D printing technology is one of the hottest research fields nowadays, which has influenced the treatment methods in the medical industry. In order to explore the progress of 3D printing technology in medical applications, the authors conducted English retrieval with the keywords "three-dimensional printing", "bio-printing" and "3D printing" in PubMed, and extracted information related to this exploration. Results This review firstly introduces the 3D printing materials, types of technology and printing procedures in medical fields, then elaborates the current applications of 3D printing in medical devices, in- vitro anatomical models, organ printing, implants, tissue engineering scaffolds and the leap from 3D medical printing to 4D medical printing, finally put forward the shortage of the medical 3D/4D printing and possible solutions of them. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.Ubiquitin-specific protease 34 (USP34), a member of the ubiquitin-specific protease family, regulates osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells via bone morphogenetic protein signaling. This study aimed to investigate the role of USP34 in fixation of titanium implants in mouse models. Eight-week-old Usp34-knockout (Prx1-Cre;Usp34f/f ) mice and their Usp34 wild-type (Usp34f/f ) control littermates were used. Experimental titanium implants were inserted into the distal ends of femurs and the edentulous area of maxillae. Two and four weeks after surgery, samples of femur and maxilla were obtained, and micro-computed tomography scanning, histomorphometric analyses, and push-in tests were performed on the samples. Compared with controls, Prx1-Cre;Usp34f/f mice showed reduced bone volume for both femurs and maxillae; a decreased femoral bone-implant contact ratio (BIC) at 2 wk [mean (standard error of the mean) 62.17% (2.15%) vs. 44.06% (3.45%)] and 4 wk [72.46% (1.61%) vs. 64.53% (1.93%)]; decreases in femoral bone volume fraction (BV/TV) and push-in resistance; and lower BIC and BV/TV of the maxillae. Taken together, our data demonstrate that specific deletion of Usp34 in mesenchymal stem cells impairs fixation of titanium implants in mice. © 2020 Eur J Oral Sci.OBJECTIVES To investigate the role of macrophages in the osseointegration of dental implants through induced macrophage reduction in a murine model. MATERIALS AND METHODS Fifty-four Sprague-Dawley rats with bilateral maxillary first molars replaced by titanium implants were randomly assigned into three groups. For the test group, macrophages were depleted by tail-vein injection of clodronate liposome (20mg/kg) 3 days before implantation and re-injection every 3 days until the sacrifice of the rats (10mg/kg). Animals treated with PBS alone or empty liposome were included as controls. Samples contained implants were retrieved after 3, 7, 14 and 28 days, and the alterations of macrophages (CD68) and osteoblasts (Osterix) were evaluated using histology and immunohistochemistry technique. RESULTS Histological analysis showed that new bone gradually formed within the lateral chamber regions in both Control group and Lip group, whereas bone healing were delayed at the first two-week despite of pronounced newly formed peri-implant bone at 4 weeks in the Lipclod group. The BIC was significantly higher in the Lip and Control group than in the Lipclod group after 2 weeks. Immunohistochemical analysis showed that CD68+ cells were present both in the central region and in direct contact with implant surface throughout the healing period. Macrophages depletion reduced osteoblast amounts and newly bone formation around implants at the first two weeks, and have no adverse impacts on the final formation of osseointegration. CONCLUSIONS Macrophages play a dual role in both regulating bone healing process and immune response to implant installation during the early stages. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.