Mclaughlinmorse9904

ation bias; and causal inference requires temporality, which in many studies was not considered. We discuss the implications of these potential associations from the perspectives of patients with endometriosis, clinicians involved in their care, and scientists investigating their long-term health risks.

From childhood through adolescence, brain rhythms during non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep show dramatic development that mirror underlying brain maturation. Selleck KD025 For example, the function and characteristics of slow oscillations (SOs, <1 Hz) in healthy children are linked to brain development, motor skill, and cognition. However, little is known of possible changes in pediatric populations with neurologic abnormalities.

We measured slow oscillations in 28 Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophy male patients from age 4 to 20 years old during overnight in-lab clinical sleep studies. We compared our pediatric patients by age to evaluate the developmental changes of SOs from childhood to early and late adolescence.

Consistent with the current neuro- and physically typical literature, we found greater slow oscillation density (count of SOs per minute of each sleep stage) in NREM N3 than N2, and significantly greater slow oscillation density in frontal compared to central and occipital regions. However, separ work converges with previous pediatric sleep literature that promotes the use of sleep electroencephalographic markers as prognostic tools and identifies potential targets to promote our patients' quality of life.In the mammalian brain, adult neurogenesis has been extensively studied in the hippocampal sub-granular zone and the sub-ventricular zone of the anterolateral ventricles. However, growing evidence suggests that new cells are not only "born" constitutively in the adult hypothalamus, but many of these cells also differentiate into neurons and glia and serve specific functions. The preoptic-hypothalamic area plays a central role in the regulation of many critical functions, including sleep-wakefulness and circadian rhythms. While a role for adult hippocampal neurogenesis in regulating hippocampus-dependent functions, including cognition, has been extensively studied, adult hypothalamic neurogenic process and its contributions to various hypothalamic functions, including sleep-wake regulation are just beginning to unravel. This review is aimed at providing the current understanding of the hypothalamic adult neurogenic processes and the extent to which it affects hypothalamic functions, including sleep-wake regulation. We propose that hypothalamic neurogenic processes are vital for maintaining the proper functioning of the hypothalamic sleep-wake and circadian systems in the face of regulatory challenges. Sleep-wake disturbance is a frequent and challenging problem of aging and age-related neurodegenerative diseases. Aging is also associated with a decline in the neurogenic process. We discuss a hypothesis that a decrease in the hypothalamic neurogenic process underlies the aging of its sleep-wake and circadian systems and associated sleep-wake disturbance. We further discuss whether neuro-regenerative approaches, including pharmacological and non-pharmacological stimulation of endogenous neural stem and progenitor cells in hypothalamic neurogenic niches, can be used for mitigating sleep-wake and other hypothalamic dysfunctions in aging.Prepectoral breast reconstruction has become a popular method of postmastectomy breast reconstruction due to its numerous benefits in properly selected patients. Prepectoral reconstruction, as compared with retropectoral position, offers the advantage of leaving the pectoralis muscle undisturbed and in its original anatomic position, resulting in significantly decreased acute and chronic pain, improved upper extremity strength and range of motion, and avoidance of animation deformity. The use of acellular dermal matrices (ADMs) allows for precise control of the breast pocket, resulting in aesthetic outcomes and high patient satisfaction. ADMs have the added benefit of reducing capsular contracture, especially in the setting of postmastectomy radiation therapy. Although prepectoral breast reconstruction is effective, the breast implant is placed closer to the skin flap with less vascularized soft tissue coverage. Therefore, optimizing outcomes in prepectoral breast reconstruction requires careful patient selection, intraoperative mastectomy flap evaluation, and perioperative surgical algorithms specific to prepectoral reconstruction.Aesthetic concern is one of the main driving forces behind the popularity of the oncoplastic approach to breast conservation therapy. Oncoplastic options at the time of lumpectomy include volume replacement techniques such as flaps and volume displacement techniques such as the oncoplastic reduction. These techniques can be employed to ensure preservation of breast shape and contour, size and symmetry, inframammary fold position, and position of the nipple-areola complex. The importance of aesthetic outcomes is not only to improve overall patient satisfaction but also to minimize the need for revisional surgeries for shape and symmetry. The purpose of this review is to discuss ways to optimize the aesthetic result and to review the evidence behind aesthetic outcomes.Nipple-sparing mastectomy (NSM) has been associated with improved quality of life and patient satisfaction with similar oncologic outcomes compared with traditional mastectomy techniques. By conserving the nipple-areola complex and the majority of the breast skin envelope, NSM allows for improved aesthetic outcomes after breast reconstruction. However, the technique is also associated with a steep learning curve that must be considered to achieve optimal outcomes. It is important that the plastic surgeon functions in concert with the extirpative breast surgeon to optimize outcomes because the reconstruction is ultimately dependent on the quality of the overlying mastectomy flaps. Various other factors influence the complex interplay between aesthetic and reconstructive outcomes in NSM, including preoperative evaluation, specific implant- and autologous-based considerations, as well as techniques to optimize and correct nipple-areola complex position. Management strategies for complications necessary to salvage a successful reconstruction are also reviewed.