Mclaughlinjohansson0660

03%, which exceeds the best reported yield (87.88%) and the maximum available theoretical value of L-threonine production (122.47%). This inducer-free genetic circuit design can be also developed for other biosynthetic pathways to increase product conversion rates and shorten production cycles. Intense synthesis of proteins and chemicals in engineered microbes impose metabolic burden, frequently leading to reduced growth and heterogeneous cell population. Thus, the correct balance between growth and production is important. Such balance can be engineered through dynamic control of pathways, but few broadly applicable tools are available to achieve this. We present an autonomous control of gene expression mediated by quorum sensing in Bacillus subtilis, able to self-monitor and induce expression without human supervision. Two variations of the induction module and seven of the response module were engineered generating a range of induction folds and strengths for gene expression control. Our strongest response promoter is 2.5 and 3.2 times stronger than the well-characterized promoters PsrfA and Pveg, respectively. We applied our strongest autoinduction device for the production of the vitamin B2. This study presents a toolbox of autoinduction modules for B. subtilis that is modular and tunable. BACKGROUND Salivary biomarkers of inflammation are increasingly used in stress research. This systematic review and meta-analysis provides a quantitative summary of changes in salivary inflammatory markers in response to acute stress. METHOD The review included 1,558 participants (42 unique samples, 33 studies) obtained through electronic databases (PubMed, PsycINFO, Embase), reference treeing, and articles identified by a 2015 review on a similar topic. To be eligible, articles had to be quantitative and assess change in at least one biomarker of salivary inflammation in response to acute stress in adults. The primary outcome was magnitude of change in inflammatory biomarkers (Cohen's d for repeated measures [dav]). RESULTS Measures of salivary inflammation included C-reactive protein (CRP), granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12p70, IL-13, IL-17A, IL-18, IL-21, interferon (IFN)-α, INF-γ, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α. Cytokines IL-6 (k = 26, dav = 0.27), IL-10 (k = 11, dav = 0.34), TNF-α (k = 10, dav = 0.57), and INF-γ (k = 6, dav = 0.28) significantly increased in response to stress. Post hoc sensitivity analyses revealed that IL-1β (k = 19, dav = 0.16) and IL-8 (k = 7, dav = 0.30) also increased post-stress, but findings with INF-γ did not hold, after removing one outlier study each. Examination of moderators suggested that study methodology and sample demographics moderated some associations. CONCLUSIONS This meta-analysis revealed that certain inflammatory cytokines increase in response to acute stress. Significant heterogeneity in results and moderator analyses suggest need for standardization of research protocols. Directions for future research are discussed. Published by Elsevier Inc.It is not known how ghrelin affects insulin secretion in human islets from patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) or whether islet ghrelin expression or circulating ghrelin levels are altered in T2D. Here we sought out to identify the effect of ghrelin on insulin secretion in human islets and the impact of T2D on circulating ghrelin levels and on islet ghrelin cells. The effect of ghrelin on insulin secretion was assessed in human T2D and non-T2D islets. Ghrelin expression was assessed with RNA-sequencing (n = 191) and immunohistochemistry (n = 21). Plasma ghrelin was measured with ELISA in 40 T2D and 40 non-T2D subjects. Ghrelin exerted a glucose-dependent insulin-suppressing effect in islets from both T2D and non-T2D donors. Compared with non-T2D donors, T2D donors had reduced ghrelin mRNA expression and 75% less islet ghrelin cells, and ghrelin mRNA expression correlated negatively with HbA1c. T2D subjects had 25% lower fasting plasma ghrelin levels than matched controls. Thus, ghrelin has direct insulin-suppressing effects in human islets and T2D patients have lower fasting ghrelin levels, likely as a result of reduced number of islet ghrelin cells. These findings support inhibition of ghrelin signaling as a potential therapeutic avenue for stimulation of insulin secretion in T2D patients. V.BACKGROUND Surgical Site Complications represent a major concern in many surgical specialties, responsible for increased length of stay in hospital and additional treatments and care needed. The investigation herein aims to report survey data from the introduction of the PICO™ system into one hospital in France, involving cardiac surgery procedures via standard median sternotomy. METHODS Patients were at high risk of developing surgical site infections (SSI). PICO™ was used immediately post operatively on the closed incision site in all cardiac surgery procedures. Data was compared with a retrospective cohort of patients where PICO™ had not been used post operatively. In total 233 anonymized patient records were reviewed, 142 of which used the PICO™ device and 91 which did not. RESULTS PICO™ was shown to provide both clinical and economic benefits over standard care across a range of different cardiac surgery patients. Complication rates and mediastinitis rates reduced. AZD7648 CONCLUSIONS PICO™ was shown to provide both clinical and economic benefits over standard care in the treatment of cardiac surgery patients. Complication rates and Deep Surgical Wound Infections/mediastinitis rates reduced. Cost savings and release of capacity were demonstrated. HSS has around 40 cases recorded in literature. The disease process exhibits an indefinite nature. It shares histopathologic and clinical features with Behcets Disease, albeit there is no established association. The natural course of the disease is fatal in most cases. We report a case of a 31 year-old man with HSS, who initially presented with occasional hemoptysis and a history of deep vein thrombosis. There was evidence of right-sided lower lobe pulmonary artery aneurysm, which was managed with a lobectomy; post which he developed aneurysmal recurrence in the contralateral lung. Histopathology identified myxoid degeneration in the hilar region.