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In music therapy, like in psychotherapy, we have the phenomenon of setting, transference, countertransference and resistance. https://www.selleckchem.com/products/beta-nicotinamide-mononucleotide.html In both methods, therapeutic contact is included and determines the framework duration of the therapy. The language of music therapy is much less unambiguous and yielding much more possibilities of interpretation than the language of psychotherapy. Both these areas of therapy, however, are intersecting, and it is impossible to delineate a border between them. Further research into the effectiveness of these evolving methods is all the more necessary as the growing crisis of trust in science, the lack of new effective medications and the dominance of postmodern concepts in public discourse increasingly draw attention to the environmental context of the disorders, their social nature and the possibility of therapy in the social environment of the patient away from the excessive number of medical procedures. © 2020 MEDPRESS.Eating disorders are characterized by eating and appetite disorders, which develop on a mental basis. Currently, there is a rapid increase in the frequency of these disorders, especially among children and adolescents. Eating disorders include anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa and EDNOS, which include a dozen or so disorders, but this group is still expanding. Eating disorders are characterized by the highest mortality rate among all mental illnesses. They mainly affect adolescents and young adults as well as the female sex, however, there are more and more cases among men and people from other age groups. Anorexia nervosa is the conscious reduction of food intake in order to reduce body weight. In this disorder there is abnormal body image, underweight and fear of weight gain. According to the American Psychiatric Association, there are two types of anorexia nervosa - restrictive (limiting) and bulimic (laxative). Bulimia nervosa is characterized by abnormal food intake (overeating) and co-occurrence of compensatory methods aimed at limiting the absorption of consumed food. These methods include provoking vomiting, excessive physical effort, taking diuretics and laxatives. Among the eating disorders we also distinguish eating disorders not defined otherwise (EDNOS). This is a group of diseases in which pathological eating behaviour occurs, but they do not meet the diagnostic criteria of anorexia or bulimia. The diagnosis of eating disorders is difficult not only because of the lack of specialists dealing with this subject, but also because of the lack of public awareness of these diseases. That is why it is so important to educate both medical staff and the general public about eating disorders. © 2020 MEDPRESS.Reactive oxygen species are molecules capable of independent existence, containing at least one oxygen atom and one or more unpaired electrons. Excessive formation of these molecules leads to oxidative stress. In recent years, there has been a growing interest in substances with antioxidant properties, reducing or preventing the harmful effects of free radicals. The compounds involved in antioxidant defence include endogenous and exogenous antioxidants, protecting body cells against the negative effects of oxygen radicals. The most important small-molecule non-enzymatic compounds found in food include ascorbic acid, retinol, β-carotene, tocopherol and polyphenolic compounds. Products of plant origin may provide a valuable source of bioactive compounds with antioxidant properties. It is believed that a diet rich in antioxidants may reduce the risk of developing several nutrition-related conditions as well as delay the ageing process. The aim of this review was to elucidate this topic and the state of the art about the role of plant orgin substances in counteraction of free radical reactions in human body. © 2020 MEDPRESS.Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are molecules capable of independent existence, containing at least one oxygen atom and one or more unpaired electrons. This group includes oxygen free radicals, e.g. superoxide anion radical, hydroxyl radical, hydroperoxyl radical, singlet oxygen, as well as free nitrogen radicals. Under physiological conditions, small quantities of ROS are formed during cell processes, such as aerobic respiration or inflammatory processes, mainly in hepatocytes and macrophages. Reactive oxygen species are primarily signalling molecules. In addition, they induce cell differentiation and apoptosis, thus contributing to the natural ageing process. They also participate in muscle contractions, regulation of vascular tone, and determine bactericidal and bacteriostatic activity. Increased production of free radicals is caused by excessive exposure to UV radiation, long-term stress conditions, intense physical exercise, improper diet and use of stimulants. Under physiological conditions, there is a balance between the generation and removal of free radicals from the body. The aim of the article was to review the current state of knowledge regarding oxidative stress, free radical function and free radical diseases. The search was performed using search engines such as PubMed and Google Scholar. The keywords used in the search included oxygen radicals, oxidative stress, free radical-related diseases. Excessive formation of free radicals contributes to oxidative stress, causing damage at the molecular and cellular level. Reactive oxygen species in vitro cause chemical modifications as well as damaging effects to proteins (aggregation, denaturation), lipids (peroxidation), carbohydrates and nucleotides (changes in the DNA structure). These changes contribute to the development of many free radical-mediated diseases. Oxidative stress has a particularly adverse effect on the circulatory, respiratory and nervous systems. © 2020 MEDPRESS.Lactoferrin is a multipotent protein that belongs to the transferrin family. It was first isolated from cow's milk in 1939. In the 1960s, it was also found in breast milk. In the human body, lactoferrin can also be found in other body fluids, e.g., saliva, tears, and vaginal discharge. Its biological activity depends on receptors present on the membrane surface of many cells, such as neutrophils, hepatocytes, and intestinal epithelial cells. Lactoferrin can bind iron. Because of this property, it also has antibacterial, antiviral, and antifungal activity. Its antiinflammatory and anticancer activity has also been confirmed. Recent studies have demonstrated that lactoferrin might have a beneficial effect in the prevention and treatment of obesity-related metabolic abnormalities, such as type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and dyslipidaemia. It is also worth to notice the potential relationship between polymorphisms in lactoferrin gene, genes for lactoferrin receptors and metabolic abnormalities in obese subjects. © 2020 MEDPRESS.