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8816 (95% CI, 0.759-1.000; P = 0.0009). More than half of patients with V. vulnificus infection would die when PCT ＞20 ng/ml, while no patient dies when PCT ≤ 20 ng/ml. This study found new atypical manifestations of V. vulnificus infection. Also, PCT is an effective and independent predictor of mortality of V. vulnificus infection, and is suitable for clinicians to make early risk stratification and best therapeutic strategies.Coxiella burnetii (C. burnetii) is a bacterial agent causing Q fever which is widespread all over the world. Livestock such as cattle, goat, and sheep are the main sources of infection for this disease. Infection of C. burnetii causes abortion of livestock, resulting in economic damage. Q fever is zoonotic disease and potential public health hazard. To date, little is known about the infection of C. burnetii in livestock in Indonesia. The objective of this research is to screen the genome of C. burnetii bacteria in beef cattle in West Java, Indonesia. Organ tissue samples were collected from cattle slaughtered in slaughterhouses, West Java. C. burnetii genome was detected from cattle samples in all three samplings area by nested PCR (nPCR) targeting com1 gene of C. burnetii. Sequencing analysis of 16S rRNA gene revealed the amplicons showed 99.9% nucleotide identity to C. burnetii strains Heizberg, 1843, 2574, 701CbB1, and 14160-001. Our results indicate that the infection of C. burnetii occurs in Indonesian beef cattles and highlight the risk of exposure to C. burnetii infection in human.To investigate the molecular epidemiological characteristics of Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains collected in Gifu Prefecture, Japan, 483 M. tuberculosis clinical isolates were used for Japan Anti-Tuberculosis Association (JATA) 18-variable number tandem repeats (VNTR) analysis during 2015-2019. To estimate the lineages of M. tuberculosis strains, JATA18-VNTR profiles were applied to a maximum a posteriori method. The results revealed that the ancient Beijing subfamily, accounting for 57.3% (277/483) was the most prevalent M. tuberculosis strain. Furthermore, 18 clusters (GC-1-GC-18) were found by minimum spanning tree analysis. The proportion of clustering strains was 9.9% (48/483), and epidemiological links to these clusters were unclear without GC-6 and GC-18. Meanwhile, interestingly, VNTR profiles of GC-7-GC-9 and GC-14 were indistinguishable from the regional epidemic strains of Nagoya City, which has a strong socioeconomic relationship with Gifu Prefecture, but did not match the nationwide epidemic strains. This study suggests that coordinated analyses within prefectures with strong socioeconomic relationships are important.Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and influenza may infect a person simultaneously; hence, adequate measures must be prepared for the next winter in Japan. In preparation for the future, this study aimed to clarify the rate of influenza coinfection in patients with COVID-19 in previous winter. learn more We conducted a retrospective study of the medical records of 193 patients diagnosed as having COVID-19 between January 31, 2020, and April 23, 2020, in a single hospital. We measured the rate of coinfection with COVID-19 and influenza. We found no patient was coinfected with influenza using rapid diagnostic testing. The occurrence of coinfection with influenza and COVID-19 seems to be rare in the past winter in Japan.Etiology of viral meningoencephalitis is frequently unidentified. Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) and Zika virus (ZIKV) have been known to affect the central nervous system, and should, therefore, be considered for diagnosis of meningoencephalitis since its outcome may be influenced by the etiologic agent, age and immunological condition of the patient. In this study we aimed to determine if CHIKV and ZIKV were the etiological agent of viral encephalitis in meningoencephalitis patients admitted to the main hospital of infectious disease in the city of Salvador, Brazil. From 1049 patients with neurological symptoms who were admitted to the hospital during the time of this study, 149 were enrolled and 20 (13.34%) tested positive for ZIKV (12%) or CHIKV (1.34%). No specific clinical manifestations were observed to be associated to the ZIKV or CHIKV infection. Determination of the etiology of meningitis' and encephalitis' causing agent is important for patient management and correct treatment.All open wounds are often colonized by commensal microbes as a loss of skin can provide a ready portal of entry for microorganisms. Although the wound microbiota is known to be associated with wound infection and with delayed healing, the factors related to the formations of wound microbiota contributing to such poor clinical outcomes are not clear and have not led to effective infection prevention interventions. This review aimed to scope the factors related to the composition and diversity of wound microbiota that have been investigated using culture-independent molecular methods. Original articles on wound microbiota published from January 1986 to February 2020 were included in this review. Thirty-one articles met the inclusion criteria and were grouped according to wound types chronic, acute, and animal model wounds. The factors identified were categorized according to patient characteristics, wound characteristics, treatment, and sampling. Although some studies reported the effect size of the factors, the values were small. No studies elucidated the mechanism of wound microbiota formation. The results of this scoping review highlight that the factors associated with the diversity of wound microbiota are poorly understood and that further studies are needed.Since 2011, pharmaceutical companies in Japan have been required to issue two types of documents regarding severe adverse drug reactions reported post-marketing, namely the Rapid Safety Communication Materials for Patients and the Related Materials. However, the adequacy of these documents has not yet been systematically assessed. The aim of this study was to evaluate the adequacy of these two types of materials. The Rapid Safety Communications for Patients were obtained from the Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency (PMDA) website. The Related Materials were obtained from pharmaceutical companies or the PMDA website. Three assessors independently scored the Rapid Safety Communication for Patients and the Related Materials using the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Clear Communication Index (CCI). In addition, the contents and descriptions of the materials were analyzed. In total, 13 materials for seven drugs were assessed. Almost all materials contained the "main message" and "call to action".