Mckeefrench8398

Mycotoxins are increasingly considered as micropollutants in the environment. Fumonisins, as one of the most important mycotoxins, cause potential health threats to humans and animals due to their ubiquitous contamination on cereals, fruit, vegetables and other environmental samples around the world. However, the contribution of fumonisins to the interaction of fungi with plant hosts is not still fully understood. Here, we investigated the effect of fumonisin B1 (FB1) on the infection of Fusarium proliferatum on banana fruit and the underlying mechanisms from the host perspective. Our results found that FB1 treatment increased the aggressiveness of F. proliferatum on banana fruit and inhibited the defense ability of banana fruit via decreasing phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), β-1,3-glucanase (GLU) and chitinase (CHI) activities. Meanwhile, FB1 accelerated cell death, indicated by higher relative conductivity, MDA content and higher transcripts of cell death-related genes. FB1 treatment resulted in higher hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) content possibly due to MaRBOHs induction. These consequences accelerated the ROS-dependent cell death, which subsequently result in reduction of disease resistance of banana fruit. Additionally, energy metabolism and MaDORN1s-mediated eATP signaling might involve in FB1-meidiated suppression of banana defense responses. Collectively, results of the current study indicated that FB1 contamination triggered the cell death of banana peel, subsequently instigating the invasion and growth of F. proliferatum on banana fruit. In summary, for the first time, we demonstrated a previously unidentified role of fumonisins as a potential virulence factor of F. proliferatum in modulating fruit defense response, which provides new insight on the biological roles of fumonisins.The occurrence and distribution of cyclic and linear siloxanes were investigated in South Korean river water and sediment, with a special focus on crucian carp tissues, to evaluate the residual status and potential bioaccumulation of siloxanes. The total siloxanes median concentrations observed in this study were 1495 ng/L in river water, 39.2 ng/g-dry weight [dw] in sediment, and 41.7 ng/g-wet weight [ww] in crucian carp muscle. Cyclic siloxanes (D3-D6) were predominant in all matrices, and D5 (mean > 81%) was more abundant in biota tissues than in river water (30%) and sediment (26%) samples. Specifically, positive correlations between D5 concentrations and crucian carp sizes (p less then 0.01, Spearman) as well as the relatively high estimated biota-sediment accumulation factor value of D5 (D5 2.31), suggest the high bioaccumulative property of D5 in biota. However, no bioaccumulation potentials were observed for D3, D4, D6, and L3-L17 in this field-scale study. The distributions of major linear siloxanes (L7-L14) in crucian carp gills (17%) and gonads (21%) were higher than in other tissues (brain, 9.6%; liver, 2.6%; muscle, 1.5%). Moreover, relatively high tissue/plasma ratios were observed for linear siloxanes (L7-L10 1.79-2.12) compared to cyclic siloxanes (D4-D6 0.829-1.18) (p less then 0.01, Mann Whitney U test), which indicated the higher transportability of linear siloxanes to fish tissues than cyclic siloxanes.Dispersants can aid dispersion and biodegradation of oil in seawater, but the wider ecotoxicological effects of oil and dispersant to the base of marine food webs is unclear. Here we apply a metatranscriptomic approach to identify molecular responses of a natural marine microbial eukaryotic community to oil and chemically dispersed oil. Oil exposure stimulated the upregulation of ketogenesis in the eukaryotic community, which may alleviate carbon- and energy-limitation and reduce oxidative stress. ISRIB price In contrast, a chemically dispersed oil treatment stimulated eukaryotic genes and pathways consistent with nitrogen and oxygen depletion. These results suggest that the addition of dispersant may elevate bacterial biodegradation of crude oil, indirectly increasing competition for nitrogen between prokaryotic and eukaryotic communities as oxygen consumption induces bacterial anaerobic respiration and denitrification. Eukaryotic microbial communities may mitigate some of the negative effects of oil exposure such as reduced photosynthesis and elevated oxidative stress, through ketosis, but the addition of dispersant to the oil fundamentally alters the environmental and ecological conditions and therefore the biochemical response of the eukaryotic community.Despite representing an extremely relevant portion (20-40%) of worldwide coastal litter, cigarette butts are still an underestimate environmental issue of limited scientific interest. Public authorities of different countries promote active removal of cigarette butts, but the issue remains problematic in terms of aesthetic, environmental and health-related impacts. There are few studies on the environmental side-effects of smoked cigarette butt litter despite being a worldwide issue. In this work, two ecotoxicological bioassay batteries were adopted to evaluate the environmental consequences of cigarette butt water-soluble ingredient release in both marine water and freshwater. Marine assays were generally more affected compared to freshwater. Interesting outcomes were observed with crustacean tests, showing a lower effect of smoked cigarette butt leachate when tested at maximum concentration. This finding were supported by heartbeat measures of Daphnia magna, which were accelerated at 100% of smoked cigarette butt leachate.Separations based on combinations of 2.1 mm I.D. high-performance affinity microcolumns and capillary electrophoresis were developed and used to characterize the glycoforms of an intact glycoprotein. Human alpha1-acid glycoprotein (AGP) was used as a model analyte due to its heterogeneous glycosylation resulting from variations in its degree of branching, fucosylation, and number of sialic acids. Three separation formats were examined based on microcolumns that contained the lectins concanavalin A (Con A) or Aleuria aurantia lectin (AAL). These microcolumns were used with one another or in combination with capillary electrophoresis. N-Glycan analysis of the non-retained and retained AGP fractions was carried out by using PNGase F digestion and nanoflow electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Con A microcolumns were found to selectively enrich AGP that contained bi-antennary N-glycans, while AAL microcolumns retained AGP with fucose-containing N-glycans. Results from these separation methods indicated that fucosylation of the N-linked glycans was more abundant when a high degree of branching was present in AGP.