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Evolution Korea
South Korea's democratic system is vulnerable to populist impulses. It's still more stable than was expected.
The country is seeking a new way of developing. The Confucian culture, which emphasizes respect for ancestors and as well as gendered family relationships, continues to influence the society. But there are signs that a secularist culture is gaining ground.
Origins
In the early days the ancestors of modern Koreans were capable of survival through hunting and gathering wild foods. Then around 10,000 years ago they began to cultivate crops including millet and beans. They also raised livestock and produced furs. These people formed tribal states in succession in Manchuria and on the Korean peninsula. They also established a metallurgy industry, producing iron tools and bronze. They traded with other states and introduced Celadon paper making block printing, art styles and written language to Japan.
Gojoseon was founded in 2333 BCE on the southern peninsula. The state embraced Chinese culture, including Confucian Philosophy and Buddhism. At this time the people of Buyeo were incorporated into Gojoseon. Gojoseon was a hierarchical society with a monarch and high-ranking officials were drawn from the landed aristocracy whereas the rest of the population was peasants. The state collected taxes from these citizens, and sometimes forced them to serve in the army or to build fortifications.
Onjo Prince Onjo, a prince from Goguryeo who was also the son of Jumong the founder of Goguryeo and the state of Baekje at the close of the period. The new kingdom grew its territory to the southwest of the peninsula and clashed with Goguryeo and China's commandos in the region. Baekje incorporated aspects of Confucian beliefs into its official beliefs and made the male centered filiopiety concept an official doctrine in 1390 CE. Under the guise of filiopiety fathers were responsible for their families and had to be respected and obeyed by all, including their grandchildren and children.
Goryeo, a nation that was ruled from 918 to 1392 CE in the year 1392 CE, introduced to the world the Hangul Alphabet, based on the shapes that were created by the mouth when it pronounces. This dramatically improved communication between people and resulted in an explosion of the writing of Buddhist texts. Additionally, movable metal type printing was introduced and woodblock printing was refined. It was during this time that the Samguk sagi, also known as 'History of the Three Kingdoms' was first written in 1145 CE.
Evolution in Korea
The Korean peninsula was habitable from Neolithic times onwards. Early evidence of human settlements can be seen in the form of cist graves lined with stone, with precious items such as amazonite jewelry that were buried with the dead. Megalithic structures, also known as dolmens and built of large stones in a single piece, are common in the country.
Gojoseon was the first political state to be recognized during the first half of 1st millennium BCE. The peninsula was then ruled by a number of states during the Three Kingdoms Period (57 BC-635 CE) including Baekje and Goguryeo. The northern region of the peninsula was occupied for a period by the Balhae Kingdom which historians do not consider to be a genuine Korean state.
After the Three Kingdoms, several smaller states emerged in the Proto-Three Kingdoms period, or Several States Period (yeolgugsidae). Baekje is the most powerful of these states, was diminished by the fall of Goguryeo (676 CE) and was left with only its southern territories in Manchuria and the its western region around Hwanghae Bay. Eastern Buyeo, and the Gaya confederacy, thrived for a while.
The Unified Silla kingdom then emerged, and the three kingdoms began to collaborate in order to expand their territorial holdings. Silla with the help of the Chinese, eventually conquered and unified the peninsula in 935.
As Korea enters a post-crisis era the way it develops appears to be changing. Those who are horrified by the enormous costs of the old systems support a comprehensive program of liberalization of capital, labor and markets for products. On the other hand, people who support the old system try to protect it by promoting nationalist sentiments, and by exaggerating fears about possible job loss.
Academic and policy analysts remain in a tense debate about the extent to which these two trends are driving Koreas development towards an entirely new model of economic governance. This article focuses on the five phases of Korea's evolution in terms of its political development including democratically illiberal democracies (1945-60) democratic autoritarianism (1961-72) authoritarian exceptionalism (1972-1877), democratic paternalism (2001-2002) and democratic participation (2002). This article also identifies important factors that appear to be shaping these processes.
Creationism in Korea
In South Korea, 26 percent of the population is Christian. Creationists have had success in promoting their views to this population. A 2009 survey showed that nearly a third of respondents did not believe in evolution. Of those, 41% claimed that there was not enough evidence from science to support the theory; 39% said the theory was in contradiction to their religious beliefs and 17% claimed it was difficult to grasp. This level of doubt is similar to that in the United States, where a majority of people do not accept that humans evolved from less advanced species of life.
In the past, the anti-evolutionist campaign in Korea was focused on the education of students and the introduction of Christ to them. In 1980 an all-day creation science seminar was held in Seoul during the World Evangelization Crusade. Drs. Henry Morris and Duane Giss of ICR were the main speakers. This event attracted a large number of church leaders and scientists.
The event's success led to the creation of the Korea Association of Creation Research on January 31st in 1980. The meeting was covered extensively in the national press, including The Korea Times, Chosun Ilbo and The Korea Times.
에볼루션 블랙잭 started publishing a newsletter titled CREATION. In it, the group presented its own work and published articles on scientific evidence for the existence of God. It also translated several slides and film strips from ICR and a few books on creationism that were published outside of Korea. KACR members taught throughout the nation in universities and churches.
One instance of a KACR success story was at the KAIST university in Seoul. There, enough students were interested in creationism that they raised enough money and support to construct an on-campus museum showing creationist models of fossils and other exhibits.
In addition to its public activities, KACR publishes a bimonthly news magazine called CREATION which covers topics in creation science. It also hosted a series of lectures by ICR staff. It also has a network of local branch offices that offer talks and seminars to schoolchildren and community groups.
Evolution in South Korea
In the latter part of the nineteenth century and into the early twentieth century, Korea began to adopt an increasingly Westernized lifestyle. The hanbok, the traditional Korean dress, was replaced to miniskirts, as well as other fashion elements from overseas. In the same way, traditional Korean music styles were replaced by modern jazz and rock and roll. At this time the famous samulnori or masked dance-dramas, became popular with the public. These dramatic pieces were performed with the accompaniment of shaman drums and various types of musical instruments.
Korea's new model of development is being developed in the aftermath of the economic crisis. The primary challenge for the new regime is to strike an equilibrium between market-oriented and state-led policies. It also involves changing incentives, monitoring, or disciplining systems that have created the system prior to the crisis. These issues are addressed in Chapters 3 and 4.
Baekje, founded by Onjo Prince and third son of Jumong of Goguryeo was founded by people from the Hangang River area, Buyeo and other regions as well as migrant workers from northern China. Baekje, a major regional power in the 4th century, expanded its territory to Mahan in north and Jeollanam-do south. In the process, it entered into frequent battle with Goguryeo and the Chinese commanderies across the border.
The decline of Silla between the 8th and 9th centuries resulted in the rise of powerful local factions. Gungye an eminent noble from Later Baekje, established a kingdom with Songak as its capital and held control over a portion of present-day Jeolla and Chungcheong provinces. Later, he relocated the capital to Wansanju. He was a rival to Goguryeo.
His rule was however only for a short time. Wang Geon, a powerful local leader who defeated Gungye in 935 and united Goryeo, Baekje, and Silla Later, he incorporated Baekje into Goryeo peacefully as a successor. Additionally, Wang Geon introduced fundamental reforms and strengthened a central rule system. This marked the end of the Three Kingdoms period. The Korean peninsula was later controlled by the Goryeo Dynasty. During the Three Kingdoms Period, Goguryeo Baekje Silla gradually grew into powerful states on the peninsula and in Manchuria.
