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The lockdown strategy used to prevent the spread of COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019) has disrupted the global economy. Some countries have started reopening their economies under the threat of a second wave because studies show that only 4% of the population is infected so far and more waves will be needed to achieve herd immunity. Lockdowns have been used with a primary purpose of regulating the demand for healthcare while ignoring the economic consequences. Contrary to the lockdown strategy, some countries such as Brazil have given priority to their economy leading to very high infection and mortality rates. After a first wave of the pandemic, we now know something critically important-those who are likely to become seriously ill and potentially die if SARS-CoV-2 infection is not prevented. That information cannot be ignored in our strategy and is used to control the pandemic. The paper proposes to focus on managing the risk of the virus being transmitted to the vulnerable rather than focusing on controlling all who can potentially transmit it. It argues that only 4% of the global population is at high risk of severe COVID-19 and would require hospital admission if infected. We propose to target this 4% of the population for preventive efforts. Protecting the vulnerable via lockdowns and other measures will be more effective and efficient than locking down the entire population and destroying their economies that are equally critical to life. We hypothesize that such "targeted prevention" strategies are more likely to help achieve our goals 1) reduce mortality by preventing the infection reaching its potential victims, 2) spend the resources efficiently by knowing the "target" of our preventive efforts, and 3) achieve effective and efficient control of the pandemic without causing disruption to the socio-economic activities until an effective vaccine is available.

With population aging (PA), the healthcare expenditure (HE) increases. The aim of this study is to analyze the HE of different age groups and the effect of age on HE among different age groups.

Combining PA and HE data, this study used the fixed effect model and parameter estimation method to evaluate the influence of different age groups on HE from 2008 to 2014.

The age effect of HE for the population aged 65 or over was the most significant among the different age groups. Based on PA and HE data, HE per capita of the age group 65 years or over is 7.25 times as much as the population aged < 25 years, 1.61 times as much as the population aged 25~59 years, and 3.47 times as much as the population aged 60~64 years. Based on the result of the fixed effect model, HE per capita of the age group <25 years was 218.39 Yuan (CNY) (USD $31.2). HE per capita of the age group 25~59 years old increased to 1,548.62 Yuan (CNY) (USD $221.2). GSK-2879552 HE per capita of the 60~64 years age group will be 921.56 Yuan (CNY) (USD $131.7), 4.22 times as much as that of the age group < 25 years. HE per capita in the age group of 65 years or over is 2,538.88 Yuan (CNY) (USD $362.7), 11.63 times as much as that of the age group <25 years.

The results suggest that PA in China is intensifying. In order to control the rising of HE, the government should not only address the supply side such as reforming medical insurance payment, developing new technologies, but also focusing on solving the demand side such as improving the quality of healthcare services, solving environmental pollution, and improving the residents' health.

The results suggest that PA in China is intensifying. In order to control the rising of HE, the government should not only address the supply side such as reforming medical insurance payment, developing new technologies, but also focusing on solving the demand side such as improving the quality of healthcare services, solving environmental pollution, and improving the residents' health.

The aim of this study was to develop a scale to quantify the negative life events of graduate students; and to identify the associations between negative life events and emotional disorders among them.

Based on a literature review, qualitative interviews and direct consultation with experts in relevant fields, the study served to identify the items that could be included in the Negative Life Events Scale for graduates (LES-GS). Psychometrics was used to analyze the items for reliability and validity. A cross-sectional survey was conducted in Changsha, China to explore the association between negative life events and emotional disorders among master's and PhD students. LES-GS, Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), and the Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale-7 (GAD-7) were utilized in the survey.

The LES-GS exhibited acceptable reliability and validity. A total of 13.24% of master's and 16.60% of PhD students experienced moderate to severe depression symptoms. Additionally, a total of 9.04% of master's storial students should be designed differently.

Health equity is an important goal of health policy, and the equalization of access to health care plays a vital role in guaranteeing it. The aim of this study was to use the cross-sectional data to explore the effect of New Rural Cooperative Medical Scheme (NRCMS) on the socioeconomic inequality in inpatient service utilization among the elderly in china.

The data of this study were obtained from the 2018 wave of China Family Panel Studies (CFPS), involving 3645 older adults aged 60 and above. Furthermore, concentration index and concentration curve were employed to measure the socioeconomic inequality in inpatient service utilization. Moreover, this study used multiple linear regression model to explore the effect of NRCMS on inpatient service utilization. In addition, this study adopted the decomposition of concentration index to investigate the effect of NRCMS on the socioeconomic inequality of inpatient service utilization.

The concentration index of inpatient expense for the older people was 0.053 utilization.

Population ageing has been steadily rising in Iran and in the over 60-year-old population, the ratio increased from 5.4% in 1986 to 8.6% in 2016 which represents an increase of 4.3 million over the past three decades. The inevitable impacts of a growing elderly population on the demand-side of the health care provision (HCP) equilibrium call for an urgent revision of the current arrangements of the Iran's National health care system (INHS). The main aim of this study was to scrutinize the best available scientific evidence on the international integrated elderly health care governance (HCG) models to revamp health care practice and policy-making processes in Iran.

This multiphasic study consists of a scoping review of existent HCP modalities for the elderly population worldwide, and the disposition of an optimal HCP scheme for the elderly population and its application for the detection of the gaps in Iran. The final stage includes a Delphi-based consultation and consensus process which was reciprocated in three rounds and the key subjects were requested to give their judgment on the eventuated HCP layout designed to serve the ageing Iranian population.