Mcdanielclay9753

The purpose of this study is to investigate the protective effect of gambogenic acid (GA) in acetaminophen (APAP)-induced hepatotoxicity in rat models. GA (10 mg/kg) was administered intraperitoneal (i.p.) to rats for 7 consecutive days followed by APAP (500 mg/kg) single dose (i.p.) on the final day after GA administration. The levels of MDA, GSH, SOD, CAT, GPx, GST, ALP, AST, ALT, proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6), apoptosis markers (caspase-3 and -9, Bax, Bcl-2), 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE), and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) were evaluated. Results exhibited protective effects of GA by inhibiting inflammation, preventing oxidative stress and apoptosis in APAP-induced liver. Histopathological changes caused by APAP were attenuated, protein expressions of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/Akt) were upregulated, and nuclear factor-kappa β (NF-kβ) was downregulated by GA. In summary, GA significantly exerted anti-inflammatory and antiapoptotic effects against APAP-induced hepatotoxicity potentially through regulation of PI3K/Akt and NF-kβ signaling pathways.In larviculture facilities, rotifers are generally used as an initial food source, while a proper size of live feeds to connect rotifer and Artemia associated with fish larval growth is needed. The improper management of feed size and density induces mass mortality and abnormal development of fish larvae. To improve the survival and growth of target larvae, this study applied carbon and argon heavy-ion-beam irradiation in mutation breeding to select rotifer mutants with larger lorica sizes. The optimal irradiation conditions of heavy-ion beam were determined with lethality, reproductivity, mutant frequency, and morphometric characteristics. Among 56 large mutants, TYC78, TYC176, and TYA41 also showed active population growth. In conclusion, (1) heavy-ion-beam irradiation was defined as an efficient tool for mutagenesis of rotifers and (2) the aforementioned 3 lines that have larger lorica length and active population growth may be used as a countermeasure of live feed size gap during fish larviculcure.p-Phenoxyphenyl boronic acid (PPBo) is a specific inhibitor of auxin biosynthesis in Arabidopsis. We examined the inhibitory activity of PPBo in rice. The activity of OsYUCCA, a key enzyme for auxin biosynthesis, was inhibited by PPBo in vitro. The endogenous indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) level and the expression levels of auxin-response genes were significantly reduced in PPBo-treated rice seedlings, which showed typical auxin-deficiency phenotypes. Seminal root growth was promoted by 1 µM PPBo, which was reversed by co-treatment of IAA and PPBo. By contrast, the inhibition of root growth by 10 µM PPBo was not recovered by IAA. The root meristem morphology and cell division were restored by IAA at 60 µM, but that concentration may be too high to support root growth. In conclusion, PPBo is an inhibitor of auxin biosynthesis that targets YUCCA in rice.Autoimmune responses to aquaporin 4 (AQP4) cause neuromyelitis optica (NMO); thus, specific immunotolerance to this self-antigen could represent a new NMO treatment. We generated the liposome-encapsulated AQP4 peptide 201-220 (p201-220) to induce immunotolerance. Liposomes were generated using phosphatidylserine and the polyglycidol species PG8MG. The in vivo tissue distribution of the liposomes was tested using an ex vivo imaging system. To confirm the antigen presentation capacity of PG8MG liposomes, dendritic cells were treated with PG8MG liposome-encapsulated AQP4 p201-220 (AQP4-PG8MG liposomes). Immunotolerance induction by AQP4-PG8MG liposomes was evaluated using the ex vivo cell proliferation of lymph node cells isolated from AQP4 p201-220-immunized AQP4-deficient mice. Fluorescent dye-labeled PG8MG liposomes were distributed to the lymph nodes. AQP4 p201-220 was presented on dendritic cells. AQP4-PG8MG liposomes were tended to suppress immune responses to AQP4 p201-220. Thus, the encapsulation of AQP4 peptides in PG8MG liposomes represents a new strategy for suppressing autoimmune responses to AQP4.Here, we report the identification of the gene encoding a novel enzyme, 3-(5-oxo-2-thioxoimidazolidin-4-yl) propionic acid desulfhydrase, in Burkholderia sp. HME13. The enzyme converts 3-(5-oxo-2-thioxoimidazolidin-4-yl) propionic acid and H2O to 3-(2,5-dioxoimidazolidin-4-yl) propionic acid and H2S. Amino acid sequence analysis of the enzyme indicates that it belongs to the DUF917 protein family, which consists of proteins of unknown function.Puerarin can protect chondrocytes, whereby ameliorating osteoarthritis. Puerarin also promotes autophagy. Autophagy maintains chondrocyte homeostasis. The role of autophagy in puerarin-protected chondrocytes is unknown. Puerarin promoted chondrocyte autophagy. Puerarin-protected chondrocytes were reversed by autophagy inhibitors and Beclin1 inhibitor. 3-MA or Beclin1 inhibitor in vivo reversed puerarin-ameliorated cartilage damage of osteoarthritis mice. Thus, puerarin can protect chondrocytes through Beclin1-dependent autophagy activation.3-Hydroxypropionic acid (3-HP) and 1,3-propanediol (1,3-PDO) have tremendous potential markets in many industries. This study evaluated the simultaneous biosynthesis of the 2 compounds using the new psychrophile-based simple biocatalyst (PSCat) reaction system. The PSCat method is based on the expression of glycerol dehydratase, 1,3-propanediol dehydrogenase, and aldehyde dehydrogenase from Klebsiella pneumoniae in Shewanella livingstonensis Ac10 and Shewanella frigidimarina DSM 12253, individually. Heat treatment at 45 °C for 15 min deactivated the intracellular metabolic flux, and the production process was started after adding substrate, cofactor, and coenzyme. In the solo production process after 1 h, the maximum production of 3-HP was 62.0 m m. For 1,3-PDO, the maximum production was 25.0 m m. In the simultaneous production process, productivity was boosted, and the production of 3-HP and 1,3-PDO increased by 13.5 and 4.9 m m, respectively. Hence, the feasibility of the individual production and the simultaneous biosynthesis system were verified in the new PSCat approach.Caffeic acid β-phenethyl ester (CAPE), an antioxidative bioactive catechol isolated from propolis, was semisynthesized from chlorogenic acid and related compounds in an extract of raw (unroasted) Robusta coffee (Coffea canephora) beans in 5 steps and a total yield of 31%. GW4064 ic50 Oxidative degradation of the intermediates and target molecule was prevented by alkaline hydrolysis of the chlorogenic acids in the presence of sodium dithionite (Na2S2O4) and deprotection of the catecholic diacetate precursor by Candida antarctica lipase B-mediated transesterification as the final step.The applicability of 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay to an industrially valuable filamentous cyanobacterium Arthrospira platensis was examined. When it was applied to A. platensis NIES-39, as few as 10 viable trichomes were quantitatively detected. However, depending on the experimental conditions, it also generated artifactual viability signals. The results should help clarify the scope and limits of the MTT assay in viability analysis.We have demonstrated that chemotaxis to l-malate facilitated motility of Ralstonia pseudosolanacearum MAFF 106611, a causative agent of bacterial wilt, to plant roots. Here, we evaluated the assumption that the disruption of chemotaxis to l-malate leads to inhibition of plant infection by R. pseudosolanacearum MAFF 106611. Chemotactic assays revealed that chemotaxis to l-malate was completely or partially inhibited in the presence of l-, d-, and dl-malate, respectively. Moreover, l-malate served as a carbon and energy source for R. pseudosolanacearum MAFF 106611, while d-malate inhibited the growth of this bacterium. In the sand-soak inoculation virulence assay for tomato plants, the addition of l-, d-, and dl-malate to sand suppressed the plant infection. We concluded that supplementation of l- and dl-malate suppresses tomato plant infection with R. pseudosolanacearum MAFF 106611 by disrupting its chemotaxis to l-malate, while d-malate suppresses it by both the disruption of l-malate chemotaxis and inhibition of growth.In this study, we report a more efficient heterologous expression of lectin from Pleurocybella porrigens (PPL) using an Escherichia coli-based expression system. The yield (9.3 mg/L culture broth) of recombinant PPL (rPPL) using this expression system was increased approximately 9-fold compared to our previous study. The rPPL obtained in this study exhibited the same biochemical properties as the native PPL.

International guidelines recommend brachytherapy for patients with dysphagia from esophageal cancer, whereas brachytherapy is infrequently used to palliate dysphagia in some countries. To clarify the availability of palliative treatment for dysphagia from esophageal cancer and explain why brachytherapy is not routinely performed are unknown, this study investigated the use of brachytherapy and external beam radiotherapy for dysphagia from esophageal cancer.

Japanese Radiation Oncology Study Group members completed a survey and selected the treatment that they would recommend for hypothetical cases of dysphagia from esophageal cancer.

Of the 136 invited facilities, 61 completed the survey (44.9%). Four (6.6%) facilities performed brachytherapy of the esophagus, whereas brachytherapy represented the first-line treatment at three (4.9%) facilities. Conversely, external beam radiotherapy alone and chemoradiotherapy were first-line treatments at 61 and 58 (95.1%) facilities, respectively. In facilities that performed brachytherapy, the main reason why brachytherapy of the esophagus was not performed was high invasiveness (30.2%). Definitive-dose chemoradiotherapy with (≥50Gy) tended to be used in patients with expected long-term survival.

Few facilities routinely considered brachytherapy for the treatment of dysphagia from esophageal cancer in Japan. Conversely, most facilities routinely considered external beam radiotherapy. In the future, it will be necessary to optimize external beam radiotherapy.

Few facilities routinely considered brachytherapy for the treatment of dysphagia from esophageal cancer in Japan. Conversely, most facilities routinely considered external beam radiotherapy. In the future, it will be necessary to optimize external beam radiotherapy.An experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that the requirement for Ca expressed as a ratio between standardized total tract digestible (STTD) Ca and STTD P obtained in short-term experiments may be applied to pigs fed diets without or with microbial phytase from 11 to 130 kg. In a 5-phase program, 160 pigs (body weight 11.2 ± 1.8 kg) were randomly allotted to 32 pens and 4 corn-soybean meal-based diets in a 2 × 2 factorial design with 2 diet formulation principles (total Ca or STTD Ca), and 2 phytase inclusion levels (0 or 500 units/kg of feed) assuming phytase released 0.11% STTD P and 0.16% total Ca. The STTD CaSTTD P ratios were 1.401, 1.351, 1.251, 1.181, and 1.101 for phases 1 to 5, and STTD P was at the requirement. Weights of pigs and feed left in feeders were recorded at the end of each phase. At the conclusion of phase 1 (day 24), 1 pig per pen was euthanized and a blood sample and the right femur were collected. At the end of phases 2 to 5, a blood sample was collected from the same pig in each pen.