Mcculloughmollerup6928

Copyright © 2020 by JAPANESE SOCIETY OF BREEDING.Common buckwheat is recognized as a healthy food because its seed contains large amounts of protein, minerals, and rutin. However, the yielding ability of common buckwheat is lower than that of other major crops. The short growing period, moisture injury, occurrence of sterile seeds due to lack of flower-visiting insects, and yield loss due to lodging and shattering cause low and unstable grain yield. Therefore, many common buckwheat breeders have tried to increase yielding ability by improving various characteristics. Recently, new breeding objectives for improving yielding ability by increasing preharvest sprouting resistance; reducing shattering loss; introducing self-compatibility; the ecotype, and semidwarf have been reported. In this review, we introduce the research on the important agronomic characteristics, preharvest sprouting resistance, ecotype and ecological differentiation, shattering resistance, and lodging resistance in common buckwheat. Copyright © 2020 by JAPANESE SOCIETY OF BREEDING.Common buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench 2n = 2x = 16) is an outcrossing crop with heteromorphic self-incompatibility due to its distylous flowers, called pin and thrum. In pin plants, a long style is combined with short stamens and small pollen grains; in thrum plants, a short style is combined with long stamens and large pollen grains. Both the intra-morph self-incompatibility and flower morphology are controlled by a single genetic locus named the S locus; thrum plants are heterozygous (Ss) and pin plants are homozygous recessive (ss) at this locus. Self-incompatibility is an obstacle for establishing pure lines and fixation of agronomically useful genes. Elucidation of the molecular mechanism of heterostylous self-incompatibility of common buckwheat has continued for a quarter of a century. Recent advances in genomic and transcriptomic analyses using next-generation sequencing have made it possible to determine the genomic region harboring the buckwheat S locus and to identify novel genes at this locus. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on buckwheat heterostyly gained from conventional and molecular genetics and genomics. We also discuss the application of these studies to breeding of common buckwheat. Copyright © 2020 by JAPANESE SOCIETY OF BREEDING.Minor and pseudo-cereals, which can grow with lower input and often produce specific nutrients compared to major cereal crops, are attracting worldwide attention. Lonafarnib research buy Since these crops generally have a large genetic diversity in a breeding population, rapid genetic improvement can be possible by the application of genomics-assisted breeding methods. In this review, we discuss studies related to biparental quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping, genome-wide association study, and genomic selection for minor and pseudo-cereals. Especially, we focus on the current progress in a pseudo-cereal, buckwheat. Prospects for the practical utilization of genomics-assisted breeding in minor and pseudo-cereals are discussed including the issues to overcome especially for these crops. Copyright © 2020 by JAPANESE SOCIETY OF BREEDING.Genotyping is an essential procedure for identifying agronomically useful genes and analyzing population structure. Various types of genetic marker systems have been developed in common buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench). In the 1980s, morphological and allozyme markers were used to construct linkage maps. Until the early 2000s, allozyme markers were widely used in population genetics studies. Such studies demonstrated that cultivated common buckwheat likely originated in the Sanjiang area of China. In the late 1990s and early 2000s, advances in PCR technology led to the development of various DNA marker systems for use in linkage mapping. However, PCR-based markers did not completely cover the genome, making genetic analysis of buckwheat challenging. The subsequent development of next generation sequencing, a game-changing technology, has allowed genome-wide analysis to be performed for many species. Indeed, 8,884 markers spanning 756 loci were recently mapped onto eight linkage groups of common buckwheat; these markers were successfully used for genomic selection to increase yield. Furthermore, draft genome sequences are now available in the Buckwheat Genome DataBase (BGDB). In this review, I summarize advances in the breeding and genetic analysis of common buckwheat based on contemporary genetic marker systems. Copyright © 2020 by JAPANESE SOCIETY OF BREEDING.In this review, the current status and prospects of common buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench.) breeding in Japan are summarized. The varieties that have been registered in Japan so far are introduced with details regarding their breeding source populations and breeding methods. Because the main breeding method used for common buckwheat is mass selection, the merits and demerits of this method are explored from the perspective of heritability. Although there are many breeding objectives in common buckwheat, high yield and yield stability are discussed here. Regarding the potential of common buckwheat breeding in the future, the prospects of effective exploitation of self-fertility and selection based on genomic information are examined. Copyright © 2020 by JAPANESE SOCIETY OF BREEDING.BACKGROUND Aminoacyl tRNA synthetases/ligases (ARSs) are highly conserved enzymes involved in attaching amino acids to tRNA promoting protein synthesis. Although deficiencies of ARSs localized to the mitochondria classically present with neuropathology, the clinical features of cytosolic ARS deficiencies are more variable. They have previously been associated with neonatal hepatitis, but never with early-onset inflammatory bowel disease. CASE SUMMARY A nine-year-old Bangladeshi boy presented with neonatal liver failure and deranged clotting, transaminitis and cholestasis. His parents were first cousins. Two older brothers and a sister were well. The patient suffered from loose stools from early infancy which became more troublesome and persistent from five years old with ten bloody motions a day. Repeated endoscopies showed persistent pancolitis, which was refractory to mesalazine, corticosteroids, azathioprine, sirolimus and anti-TNF (adalimumab) therapy, but has improved recently with subcutaneous methotrexate.