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Haemophilus parainfluenzae is considered part of the normal oropharyngeal flora but is known to occasionally cause infections. It is closely related to Haemophilus influenzae Here, we report the genome sequence of H. parainfluenzae COPD-014-E1 O, which was cultured from the sputum of a patient with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Copyright © 2020 Fluit et al.Pandoraea fibrosis is a newly identified Gram-negative bacterial species that was isolated from the respiratory tract of an Australian cystic fibrosis patient. The complete assembled genome sequences of two consecutive isolates (second isolate collected 11 months after antibiotic treatment) from the same individual are presented here. Copyright © 2020 Pitt et al.We report the complete genome sequence of Pseudomonas putida strain TS312, in the class of Gammaproteobacteria The strain, isolated from a paper mill, harbors the hdtS gene, encoding N-acyl-homoserine lactone synthase. Deciphering the genome contributes to revealing the mechanisms of quorum sensing and associated biofilm formation in engineered systems. Copyright © 2020 Hosoe et al.We present here the complete genome sequences of three Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Muenchen strains, LG24, LG25, and LG26. All three strains were isolated from almond drupes grown in an orchard in San Joaquin County, California, in 2016. These genomic sequences are nonidentical and will contribute to our understanding of S. enterica genomics. Copyright © 2020 Tran et al.Carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii is a bacterial pathogen with serious implications for human health and is recognized as an urgent threat by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Total DNA from two A. baumannii clinical isolates collected over 3 days from a fatal case of necrotizing fasciitis has been sequenced to >30× coverage. Copyright © 2020 Arivett et al.We report a complete genome sequence of Acidithiobacillus ferridurans JAGS, determined using PacBio single-molecule real-time (SMRT) sequencing. The circular genome of JAGS (2,933,811 bp; GC content, 58.57%) contains 3,001 protein-coding sequences, 46 tRNAs, and 6 rRNAs. Predicted genes indicate the potential to fix CO2 and N2 and to utilize Fe2+, S0, and H2 as energy sources. Copyright © 2020 Chen et al.We report the near-complete genome sequence of an influenza H5N1 virus strain isolated from a dead swan on the southeastern Caspian seashore in 2006. The results of the surface protein HA phylogenetic analysis showed that the A/swan/Mangystau/3/2006 virus belongs to the EA-nonGsGD clade. Copyright © 2020 Burashev et al.The proteostasis network is regulated by transcellular communication to promote health and fitness in metazoans. In Caenorhabditis elegans, signals from the germline initiate the decline of proteostasis and repression of cell stress responses at reproductive maturity, indicating that commitment to reproduction is detrimental to somatic health. Here we show that proteostasis and stress resilience are also regulated by embryo-to-mother communication in reproductive adults. To identify genes that act directly in the reproductive system to regulate somatic proteostasis, we performed a tissue targeted genetic screen for germline modifiers of polyglutamine aggregation in muscle cells. We found that inhibiting the formation of the extracellular vitelline layer of the fertilized embryo inside the uterus suppresses aggregation, improves stress resilience in an HSF-1-dependent manner, and restores the heat-shock response in the somatic tissues of the parent. This pathway relies on DAF-16/FOXO activation in vulval tissues to maintain stress resilience in the mother, suggesting that the integrity of the embryo is monitored by the vulva to detect damage and initiate an organismal protective response. AP26113 Our findings reveal a previously undescribed transcellular pathway that links the integrity of the developing progeny to proteostasis regulation in the parent. © 2020 Sala et al.; Published by Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press.Cell type-specific transcriptional programs that drive differentiation of specialized cell types are key players in development and tissue regeneration. One of the most dramatic changes in the transcription program in Drosophila occurs with the transition from proliferating spermatogonia to differentiating spermatocytes, with >3000 genes either newly expressed or expressed from new alternative promoters in spermatocytes. Here we show that opening of these promoters from their closed state in precursor cells requires function of the spermatocyte-specific tMAC complex, localized at the promoters. The spermatocyte-specific promoters lack the previously identified canonical core promoter elements except for the Inr. Instead, these promoters are enriched for the binding site for the TALE-class homeodomain transcription factors Achi/Vis and for a motif originally identified under tMAC ChIP-seq peaks. The tMAC motif resembles part of the previously identified 14-bp β2UE1 element critical for spermatocyte-specific expression. Analysis of downstream sequences relative to transcription start site usage suggested that ACA and CNAAATT motifs at specific positions can help promote efficient transcription initiation. Our results reveal how promoter-proximal sequence elements that recruit and are acted upon by cell type-specific chromatin binding complexes help establish a robust, cell type-specific transcription program for terminal differentiation. © 2020 Lu et al.; Published by Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press.Covalent chemical modifications of cellular RNAs directly impact all biological processes. However, our mechanistic understanding of the enzymes catalyzing these modifications, their substrates and biological functions, remains vague. Amongst RNA modifications N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is widespread and found in messenger (mRNA), ribosomal (rRNA), and noncoding RNAs. Here, we undertook a systematic screen to uncover new RNA methyltransferases. We demonstrate that the methyltransferase-like 5 (METTL5) protein catalyzes m6A in 18S rRNA at position A1832 We report that absence of Mettl5 in mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) results in a decrease in global translation rate, spontaneous loss of pluripotency, and compromised differentiation potential. METTL5-deficient mice are born at non-Mendelian rates and develop morphological and behavioral abnormalities. Importantly, mice lacking METTL5 recapitulate symptoms of patients with DNA variants in METTL5, thereby providing a new mouse disease model. Overall, our biochemical, molecular, and in vivo characterization highlights the importance of m6A in rRNA in stemness, differentiation, development, and diseases. © 2020 Ignatova et al.; Published by Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press.Telomeres consist of TTAGGG repeats bound by protein complexes that serve to protect the natural end of linear chromosomes. Most cells maintain telomere repeat lengths by using the enzyme telomerase, although there are some cancer cells that use a telomerase-independent mechanism of telomere extension, termed alternative lengthening of telomeres (ALT). Cells that use ALT are characterized, in part, by the presence of specialized PML nuclear bodies called ALT-associated PML bodies (APBs). APBs localize to and cluster telomeric ends together with telomeric and DNA damage factors, which led to the proposal that these bodies act as a platform on which ALT can occur. However, the necessity of APBs and their function in the ALT pathway has remained unclear. Here, we used CRISPR/Cas9 to delete PML and APB components from ALT-positive cells to cleanly define the function of APBs in ALT. We found that PML is required for the ALT mechanism, and that this necessity stems from APBs' role in localizing the BLM-TOP3A-RMI (BTR) complex to ALT telomere ends. Strikingly, recruitment of the BTR complex to telomeres in a PML-independent manner bypasses the need for PML in the ALT pathway, suggesting that BTR localization to telomeres is sufficient to sustain ALT activity. © 2020 Loe et al.; Published by Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press.Primary lateral sclerosis (PLS) is a rare neurodegenerative disorder at the upper motor neurone extreme of the spectrum of motor neurone disease. The diagnosis is clinical and based on the characteristic features of slowly progressive spasticity beginning in the lower limbs, or more rarely with spastic dysarthria, typically presenting around 50 years of age. The absence of lower motor neurone involvement is considered to be a defining feature, but confident distinction of PLS from upper motor neurone-predominant forms of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis may be difficult in the first few years. Corticobulbar involvement in PLS is frequently accompanied by emotionality. While there may be dysphagia, gastrostomy is rarely required to maintain nutrition. Cognitive dysfunction is recognised, though dementia is rarely a prominent management issue. PLS is not necessarily life shortening. Specialised multidisciplinary care is recommended. Increasing international research cooperation is required if the aspiration of dedicated therapeutic trials for PLS is to be achieved. © Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2020. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.Peritoneal carcinomatosis (PC) is progression of the primary cancer to the peritoneum that is seen in only 1.2% of patients with lung cancer. It is associated with poor prognosis especially if present at the time of initial cancer diagnosis. The predisposing factors for peritoneal spread are not yet well understood. It has been suggested that the oncogene status of the tumour can influence the patterns of metastatic spread. There is not enough data about the role of c-ROS oncogene 1 (ROS1) mutation in the development of PC in non-small cell lung cancer. Here, we describe a case of a 56-year-old man who presented with new-onset ascites and was found to have PC. He was diagnosed with ROS1-rearranged lung adenocarcinoma. No obvious primary tumour was identified. Patient responded well to targeted therapy with crizotinib and remained 6 months free of disease progression. © BMJ Publishing Group Limited 2020. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.A 72-year-old woman was referred with incidentally detected multiple lung nodules, one of which was identified as 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG)-avid on positron emission tomography. Extensive workup followed, including numerous radiographs, surveillance scans and a CT-guided biopsy which demonstrated chronic inflammation only. Following a wedge-resection, a diagnosis of pulmonary hyalinising granuloma (PHG) was made. PHG is a cause of FDG-avid single or multiple pulmonary nodules and can mimic lung cancer or metastatic disease radiologically. The diagnosis is often difficult to make with minimally invasive techniques such as needle-guided biopsies which do not tend to yield the diagnosis and requires surgical resection for definitive diagnosis and exclusion of malignancy. © BMJ Publishing Group Limited 2020. No commercial re-use. link2 See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.A 60-year-old man was hospitalised with persistent fever, arm pain, dry cough and cholestasis. Diagnostic workup was remarkable for elevated inflammatory markers. Infectious diseases and autoimmune screening were negative. Imaging modalities excluded a neoplastic aetiology. Liver biopsy was negative for granulomatous or lymphomatous infiltrations. Giant cell arteritis (GCA) was suspected, but temporal artery Doppler ultrasound and biopsy were non-diagnostic. A positron emission tomography scan showed intense metabolic uptake in large vessels suggesting the diagnosis of GCA. Prednisolone was initiated with clinical and analytical improvement. At 1-year follow-up, there were no relapses and the patient remains symptom free. link3 © BMJ Publishing Group Limited 2020. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.