Mcconnellcaldwell5942

Although booster biocides (Irgarol, diuron, chlorothalonil, dichlofluanid, and DCOIT) have been detected in sediments along the Brazilian coastal areas, the risk associated to their occurrence and levels is still unknown. Thus, the ecological risk of booster biocides to sediment-dwelling organisms from the Brazilian coast was assessed using a risk characterization approach through the Risk Quotient (Measured environmental concentration (MEC)/Predicted no effect concentrations (PNECs)). https://www.selleckchem.com/products/etanercept.html Sedimentary PNECs for Irgarol, diuron, chlorothalonil and DCOIT were derived based on published ecotoxicological data from both freshwater and marine studies, while a NORMAN methodology was used to derived it for dichlofluanid. Results showed that DCOIT, diuron, Irgarol, chlorothalonil, and dichlofluanid can pose high risk on 47%, 35%, 15%, 1% and 1%, respectively, of the 113 Brazilian sites appraised. Considering the trend of expansion of navigation/maritime activities, DCOIT may worsen its impact over the coastal areas of Brazil, especially ports, but also ship/boatyards, marinas, and maritime traffic zones. The present study is an important contribution to support advance on policy formulation concerning booster biocides worldwide, particularly considering the lack of regulation on the use of antifouling biocides in Brazil.Activation of persulfate (PS) in presence of blue LED light (λmax ∼454 nm) using acetic acid modified graphitic carbon nitride (ACN) was investigated. Usage of acetic acid had improved the specific surface area (SSA, 21.89 m2 g-1) of ACN compared with pristine graphitic carbon nitride (GCN) and it also reduced interfacial charge transfer resistance in ACN. Subsequently, photocatalytic removal of metronidazole (MET) was investigated using ACN. It was observed that upward shift in the conduction band (CB) in ACN produced the reduction of PS to form sulfate radicals (SO4.-) (CB of ACN (-1.25 V vs normal hydrogen electrode (NHE); Bandgap = 2.77 eV) and GCN (-1.23 V vs NHE; Bandgap = 2.73 eV)), which enhanced the MET removal. Moreover, batch experiments were conducted to quantify the effects of PS dosage (0.08-0.40 g L-1), ACN dosage (0.20-2 g L-1), light intensity (15-45 W), and pH (2-13.50). ACN (1 g L-1) and GCN (1 g L-1) with 0.16 g L-1 of PS have shown 100% and 76.1% MET (Co-10 mg L-1) removal within 300 min, respectively, and the removal followed zero-order kinetics (k ∼2.39 mg L-1 h-1). However, MET mineralization was approximately 30% with ACN. MET removal had decreased with increase in pH and almost complete inhibition was observed at pH ∼12. Overall, it was identified that SO4.- was the major reactive species whereas holes (h+) in the valence band (VB) of ACN (1.52 V vs NHE) played a minor role in MET removal.Indonesia is the second-largest contributor of microplastics (MPs) pollution in the marine ecosystem. Most MPs pollution-related studies in Indonesia focus on seawater, sediment, with less information found on the commercially important fish species used for human consumption. Skipjack Tuna (Euthynnus affinis) is one of the major exporting fishery commodities from Indonesia. This exploratory study aimed to determine MPs presence in the digestive tract of Skipjack Tuna from the Southern Coast of Java, Indonesia. The fish samples were collected from five different fish traditional auction market along the Southern Coast of Java, Indonesia, namely Pangandaran, Pamayang Sari, Ciletuh, Santolo, and Palabuhan Ratu. The gastrointestinal tract of Skipjack tuna was pretreated using alkaline destruction and filtered. The presence of MPs in the treated samples was visually identified using an optical microscope, while Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) contaminants were analyzed using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). A total of 19 suspected MPs particles were found in the form of filament (84%), angular (11%), and round (5%). This result would provide a better indication of the MPs contamination in marine life species in the Southern Coast of Java, Indonesia, as useful information for marine environmental monitoring program in the future.An inadequate and inefficient performance ability of conventional methods to remove persistent organic pollutants urges the need of alternative or complementary advanced wastewater treatments methods to ensure the safer reuse of reclaimed water. Photoelectrochemical methods are emerging as promising options among other advanced oxidation processes because of the higher treatment efficiency achieved due to the synergistic effects of combined photochemical and electrolysis reactions. Synergistic effects of integrated photochemical, electrochemical and photoelectrochemical processes not only increase the hydroxyl radical production; an enhancement on the mineralization ability through various side reactions is also achieved. In this review, fundamental reaction mechanisms of different photoelectrochemical methods including photoelectrocatalysis, photo/solar electro-Fenton, photo anodic oxidation, photoelectroperoxone and photocatalytic fuel cell are discussed. Various integrated photochemical, electrochemical and photoelectrochemical processes and their synergistic effects are elaborated. Different reactor configurations along with the positioning of electrodes, photocatalysts and light source of the individual/combined photoelectrochemical treatment systems are discussed. Modified photoanode and cathode materials used in the photoelectrochemical reactors and their performance ability is presented. Photoelectrochemical treatment of real wastewater such as landfill leachate, oil mill, pharmaceutical, textile, and tannery wastewater are reviewed. Hydrogen production efficiency in the photoelectrochemical process is further elaborated. Cost and energy involved in these processes are briefed, but the applicability of photocatalytic fuel cells to reduce the electrical dependence is also summarised. Finally, the use of photoelectrochemical approaches as an alternative for treating soil washing effluents is currently discussed.

Recent studies indicate airborne PAH levels have decreased in the U.S., but it is unclear if this has resulted in PAH exposure changes in the U.S.

Examine temporal trends in urinary metabolites of Naphthalene, Fluorene, Phenanthrene, and Pyrene in U.S. non-smokers, 6+ years old.

We used biomonitoring data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) program, 2001-2014, (N=11,053) using survey weighted linear regression. Models were adjusted for age, sex, race/ethnicity, creatinine, BMI, income, diet, and seasonality. Stratified models evaluated the effect of age, sex, and race/ethnicity on trends.

Between 2001 and 2014, Naphthalene exposure increased 36% (p<0.01); Pyrene exposure increased 106% (p<0.01); Fluorene and Phenanthrene exposure decreased 55% (p<0.01), and 37% (p<0.01), respectively. Naphthalene was the most abundant urinary PAH, 20-fold higher than Fluorene and Phenanthrene, and over 50-fold higher than Pyrene compared to reference groups, effect modification was observed by age (Naphthalene, Pyrene), sex (Fluorene, Pyrene), and race/ethnicity (Naphthalene, Fluorene, Phenanthrene, Pyrene).