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. Arthroscopic treatment in patients with hypertrophic acetabular labral tears should be carefully performed to prevent iatrogenic injury during the surgery, and isolated hypertrophic labral tears can have good results after repair.RATIONALE Tidal expiratory flow limitation (tidal-EFL) is not completely avoidable by applying positive end-expiratory pressure and may cause respiratory and hemodynamic complications in ventilated patients with lungs prone to collapse. During spontaneous breathing, expiratory diaphragmatic contraction counteracts tidal-EFL. We hypothesized that during both spontaneous breathing and controlled mechanical ventilation, external expiratory resistances reduce tidal-EFL. OBJECTIVES To assess whether external expiratory resistances 1. Affect expiratory diaphragmatic contraction during spontaneous breathing; 2. Reduce expiratory flow and make lung compartments more homogeneous with more similar expiratory time constants; 3. Reduce tidal atelectasis, preventing hyperinflation. METHODS Three positive end-expiratory pressure levels and four external expiratory resistances were tested in 10 pigs after lung lavage. We analyzed expiratory diaphragmatic electric activity and respiratory mechanics. Based on computed tomography scans, four lung compartments - not (atelectasis), poorly, normally and hyper inflated - were defined. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Consequently to additional external expiratory resistances, and mainly in lungs prone to collapse (at low positive end-expiratory pressure), 1. The expiratory transdiaphragmatic pressure decreased during spontaneous breathing by more than 10%; 2. Expiratory flow was reduced and the expiratory time constants became more homogeneous. 3. The amount of atelectasis at end-expiration decreased from 24% to 16% during spontaneous breathing and from 32% to 18% during controlled mechanical ventilation, without increasing hyperinflation. CONCLUSIONS The expiratory modulation induced by external expiratory resistances preserves the positive effects of the expiratory brake while minimizing expiratory diaphragmatic contraction. External expiratory resistances optimize lung mechanics and limit tidal-EFL and tidal atelectasis, without increasing hyperinflation.Forensic feature-comparison examiners in select disciplines are more accurate than novices when comparing samples of visual evidence. This article examines a key cognitive mechanism that may contribute to this superior visual comparison performance the ability to learn how often stimuli occur in the environment (distributional statistical learning). We examined the relationship between distributional learning and visual comparison performance and the impact of training on the diagnosticity of distributional information in visual comparison tasks. We compared performance between novices given no training (uninformed novices; n = 32), accurate training (informed novices; n = 32), or inaccurate training (misinformed novices; n = 32) in Experiment 1 and between forensic examiners (n = 26), informed novices (n = 29), and uninformed novices (n = 27) in Experiment 2. Across both experiments, forensic examiners and novices performed significantly above chance in a visual comparison task in which distributional learning was required for high performance. However, informed novices outperformed all participants, and only their visual comparison performance was significantly associated with their distributional learning. It is likely that forensic examiners' expertise is domain specific and doesn't generalize to novel visual comparison tasks. Nevertheless, diagnosticity training could be critical to the relationship between distributional learning and visual comparison performance. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).In the Stroop task, congruency effects (i.e., the color-naming latency difference between incongruent stimuli, e.g., the word BLUE written in the color red, and congruent stimuli, e.g., RED in red) are smaller in a list in which incongruent trials are frequent than in a list in which incongruent trials are infrequent. The traditional explanation for this pattern is that a conflict-monitoring mechanism adjusts attention to task-relevant versus task-irrelevant information in a proactive fashion based on list-wide conflict frequency. More recently, however, multiple alternative explanations have been advanced that could explain the pattern without invoking this form of proactive control Individuals might only adapt to conflict frequency specific to individual items (as opposed to list-wide conflict frequency), they could learn word-color contingencies (e.g., how often a particular word and color are paired), or they could adapt attention based on whether the words are informative of the color (even if many word-color pairings are incongruent) in the list as a whole. To examine this issue, we designed a new paradigm that should eliminate any impact of these alternative mechanisms. In that paradigm, the proportion of neutral (e.g., XXX in red) and incongruent stimuli was manipulated across lists. Paralleling the results in the original paradigm, there was a smaller latency difference between incongruent and neutral stimuli in a list in which incongruent trials were frequent than in a list in which incongruent trials were infrequent, suggesting that proactive control in response to list-wide conflict frequency is a process humans can and do use. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).In a masked priming word-naming task, a facilitation due to the initial-segmental sound overlap for 2-character kanji prime-target pairs was affected by certain orthographic properties (Yoshihara, Nakayama, Verdonschot, & Hino, 2017). That is, the facilitation that was due to the initial mora overlap occurred only when the mora was the whole pronunciation of their initial kanji characters (i.e., match pairs; e.g., /ka-se.ki/- /ka-rjo.ku/). this website When the shared initial mora was only a part of the kanji characters' readings, however, there was no facilitation (i.e., mismatch pairs; e.g., /ha.tu-a.N/- /ha.ku-bu.tu/). In the present study, we used a masked priming picture-naming task to investigate whether the previous results were relevant only when the orthography of targets is visually presented. In Experiment 1, the main findings of our word-naming task were fully replicated in a picture-naming task. In Experiments 2 and 3, the absence of facilitation for the mismatch pairs were confirmed with a new set of stimuli.