Markfarrell8692

Furthermore, these devices should be available to meet the needs of all patients, from small infants through large or obese adults. The ideal means for storing and delivering epinephrine in prehospital and hospital environments warrants further study, to determine how to best balance efficiency, safety, and costs. Anaphylaxis is a severe and potentially life-threatening allergic reaction. Since its discovery over 100 years ago, research has led to great strides in describing pathophysiologic mechanisms of anaphylaxis; however, there is still imprecision regarding its definition and a lack of reliable, confirmatory testing. In this paper, we review definitions of anaphylaxis, highlighting studies examining the utility of the current clinical consensus definition. In addition, we evaluate current difficulties and limitations for both providers in acute care settings managing episodes and allergists evaluating patients after an episode has resolved. Finally, we provide an algorithm for outpatient evaluation of patients with a history of possible anaphylaxis. Developmental defects of enamel (DDE) in children range from moderate to severe and may predispose to dental fractures and early childhood caries. The prevalence of DDE in the primary dentition range from 24 to 75 percent, and the right time to diagnose DDE should be as soon as the teeth erupt. However, early detection of DDE in primary incisors is difficult because parents seldom visit the dentist at this age and, later on, caries lesions mask the original alteration. The purpose of this paper was to present three cases of unique and similar dental defects appearing in very young children from different countries-defects that probably share the same etiology. click here Given the severity of the defects and the children's' age, these could be the first reported cases of preeruptive intracoronal resorption (PEIR) in primary incisors. This paper also discusses the differentiation between DDE and PEIR.Purpose To compare fracture strength, failure mode, and chairside time of Class IV fractures restored with CEREC (Chairside Economic Restorations of Esthetic Ceramics) technology or direct composite. Methods Forty-eight fractured anterior bovine teeth were randomly assigned to three experimental groups (indirect restoration) with margin designs including A) butt joint, B) short chamfer (one mm), and C) long chamfer (two mm) and a control group (direct composite). Preparations were scanned; restorations were milled from zirconia-reinforced lithium-silicate blocks and cemented. Fracture load (N) and failure mode were analyzed. Techniques were timed from start of margin preparation through finishing. Results were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance or the Kruskal-Wallis test (significance level P=0.05). Results Fracture loads (mean±standard deviation) for groups A, B, and C and control group were 2,177±644 N, 2,183±507 N, 2,666±609 N, and 2,358±886 N, respectively (not significantly different; P=0.26). The direct composite was significantly different from all indirect groups (P less then 0.01) for failure mode. Chairside time was longer for direct restoration. Conclusions Fracture strength is similar for directly and indirectly fabricated Class IV restorations, with margin design not affecting strength or failure mode. Practitioner's chairside time, but not total time, is reduced when using indirect methods.Purpose The purpose of this case-control study was to investigate the relationship between molar-incisor hypomineralization (MIH) and pre-, peri-, and postnatal conditions of children and mothers in South Korea. Methods The Korean Academy of Pediatric Dentistry con- ducted this study to examine factors associated with MIH among six- to 13-year-olds. The European Academy of Pediatric Dentistry criteria and self-administered questionnaires associated with MIH were used. Results In multivariable logistic regression analysis, the odds ratio (OR) of MIH for children whose mothers used health supplements during pregnancy was 0.65 (P=0.009). Also, children with more than three hours of out- door activities per day tended to have a lower MIH (P=0.03) than did those with zero hours of outdoor activity. Additionally, the OR of MIH for children whose mothers smoked during pregnancy was 2.37 (P=0.019) and the MIH found to be 1.33 times more frequent in children with respiratory infections during the first three years of life (P=0.048). Conclusions Maternal smoking during pregnancy and child's pediatric respiratory infection suffered within three years after birth are factors associated with the MIH among Korean children. Further study is needed because the prevalence of MIH in children whose mothers taking health supplements (vitamins or folic acid or iron) during pregnancy is low.Purpose To determine the prevalence of developmental defects of enamel (DDE) among American Indian (AI) children and whether DDE are associated with caries experience and rehabilitative treatment under general anesthesia (GA). Methods This retrospective study reviewed charts of 557 AI children, between 12 and 84 months of age, served by one Indian Health Service clinic in Sisseton, SD, USA. Analyses included descriptive and bivariate statistics, including odds ratios (OR). P ≤ 0.05 was considered significant. Results The overall prevalence of DDE was 32.5% (mean equals 0.87±1.59 per child). The presence of DDE was associated with significantly higher mean decayed, extracted and filled (deft) scores (7.94±5.06 versus 4.84±5.14; P less then 0.001), predicting adverse clinical outcomes. Children with DDE had 3.8, 4.2, and 3.4 times the odds of having caries, early-childhood-caries (ECC), and severe early-childhood-caries (S-ECC), respectively, than those without DDE. DDE were also associated with higher odds of treatment under GA (OR equals 4.4). Conclusions DDE were prevalent in this cohort of AI children and found to be significantly associated with a higher caries burden and dental rehabilitation under GA. Early recognition of DDE in infants and toddlers along with targeted prevention programs may help reduce the incidence of caries and subsequent treatment under GA.