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This study introduces a design procedure for improving an individual's footwear comfort with body weight index and activity requirements by customized three-dimensional (3D)-printed shoe midsole lattice structure. This method guides the selection of customized 3D-printed fabrications incorporating both physical and geometrical properties that meet user demands. The analysis of the lattice effects on minimizing the stress on plantar pressure was performed by initially creating various shoe midsole lattice structures designed. An appropriate common 3D printable material was selected along with validating its viscoelastic properties using finite element analysis. The lattice structure designs were analyzed under various loading conditions to investigate the suitability of the method in fabricating a customized 3D-printed shoe midsole based on the individual's specifications using a single material with minimum cost, time, and material use.Three-dimensional food printing offers the possibility of modifying the structural design, nutrition, and texture of food, which may be used for consumers with special dietary requirements such as dysphagic patients. One of the food matrices that can be used for liquid delivery to dysphagic patients is food foams. Foams are widely used in different food products to adjust food density, rheological properties, and texture. Foams allow the food to stay in the mouth for sufficient time to provide hydration while minimizing the danger of choking. Our work studies the foam properties and printability of both egg white foams and eggless foams with a strong focus on their foaming properties, rheological properties, printability, and suitability for dysphagic patients. Food hydrocolloid, xanthan gum (XG), is added to improve foam stability and rheological properties so that the inks are printable. Rheological and syneresis properties of the pre-printed foam inks are examined. The texture profile and microstructure properties are studied post-printing. International dysphagia diet standardization initiative tests are carried out to assess the inks' potential for dysphagic diets. Inks with XG performed better with minimal water seepage, better foam stability, and excellent printability. This suggests that hydrocolloids lead to more stable food foams that are suitable for 3DFP and safe for hydration delivery to dysphagic patients.The global pandemic of coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is predominantly a respiratory illness, but gastrointestinal (GI) manifestations of variable severity have been reported. In patients with COVID-19 pneumonia, observational studies have demonstrated the elevation of pancreatic enzymes as surrogate markers for pancreatic injury without evidence of acute pancreatitis (AP). We report a case of AP in a patient with COVID-19 with SARS-CoV-2 as possible etiological agent with imaging evidence of pancreatitis. We hypothesize a causal relationship of SARS-CoV-2 in this patient with an otherwise unexplained presentation of AP after excluding the common causes. We postulate that AP in COVID-19 could be related to the abundant expression of angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE 2) receptors in the pancreas which serve as viral entry binding receptors for SARS-CoV-2 or due to direct viral involvement of the pancreas. Although there seems to be an association between diabetes and AP, the available data regarding the etiological role of diabetes in causing AP is very limited. We also propose that imaging studies such as computerized tomography (CT) scan of the abdomen should be considered in the diagnosis of AP in patients with COVID-19 infection to exclude the false positive amylase and lipase.Computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) for colonoscopy with use of artificial intelligence (AI) is catching increased attention of endoscopists. CAD allows automated detection and pathological prediction, namely optical biopsy, of colorectal polyps during real-time endoscopy, which help endoscopists avoid missing and/or misdiagnosing colorectal lesions. With the increased number of publications in this field and emergence of the AI medical device that have already secured regulatory approval, CAD in colonoscopy is now being implemented into clinical practice. On the other side, drawbacks and weak points of CAD in colonoscopy have not been thoroughly discussed. In this review, we provide an overview of CAD for optical biopsy of colorectal lesions with a particular focus on its clinical applications and limitations.Cholangiocarcinoma, a malignancy of the epithelial cells in the intrahepatic or extrahepatic biliary tree, is often diagnosed at later stages. Median survival duration ranges from 3 to 9 months with a less than ten percent 5-year survival rate. Thus, often treatment strategies are aimed more towards palliation instead of cure. With the majority of patients presenting with unresectable disease at the time of diagnosis, surgical intervention is not feasible, making less invasive endoscopic therapies more suitable. Initially, biliary stents were utilized for biliary decompression to mitigate cholestatic symptoms and prevent cholangitis; however, this strategy did not prove to provide significant survival benefit. Therefore, efforts to treat the tumor burden itself in addition to maintaining biliary patency became a focus of innovation and research in the endoscopic field. This study has led to the advent of therapies such as photodynamic therapy, radiofrequency ablation, and intraluminal brachytherapy. These options combined with biliary stenting have shown to not only offer the benefit of biliary decompression, but also to potentially improve stent patency and survival. Further, there is an anti-tumor effect of each of these modalities, portending an additional benefit in this subset of patients. Despite numerous retrospective and prospective studies assessing these ablative therapies, there is still a paucity of appropriately powered randomized controlled trials, and further research has yet to be done in the field. This review details the current literature entailing endobiliary ablative strategies.The management of Barrett's esophagus (BE) has evolved as newer technologies and novel methods are developed. Endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) or endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) are the initial interventions of choice for nodular BE, with ESD reserved for endoscopists highly trained in the technique and for larger lesions that would warrant en bloc resection. Resection should then be followed by ablative therapy, which remains first line in the treatment of BE with dysplasia. Although there is a myriad of ablation techniques available to the endoscopist, this review has found that radiofrequency ablation (RFA) continues to have the most robust safety and efficacy data to support its use despite a relatively high rate of recurrence. Cryotherapy and Hybrid-APC appear to be safe and effective as RFA alternatives, but further trials are still needed to directly compare their outcomes to RFA and ultimately guide changes in treatment decisions.The detection and removal of polyps at colonoscopy is core to the current colorectal cancer (CRC) prevention strategy. However, colonoscopy is flawed with a well described miss rate and variability in detection rates associated with incomplete protection from CRC. Consequently, there is significant interest in techniques and technologies which increase polyp detection with the aim to remedy colonoscopy's ills. Technologic advances in colonoscope imaging are numerous and include; increased definition of imaging, widening field of view, virtual technologies to supplant conventional chromocolonoscopy (CC) and now computer assisted detection. However, despite nearly two decades of technologic advances, data on gains in detection from individual technologies have been modest at best and heterogenous and conflicted as a rule. This state of detection technology science is exacerbated by use of relatively blunt metrics of improvement without consensus, the myopic search for gains over single generations of technology improvement and an unhealthy focus on adenomatous lesions. Yet there remains cause for optimism as detection gains from new technology, while small, may still improve CRC prevention. The technologies are also readily available in current generation colonoscopes and have roles beyond simply detection such as lesion characterization, further improving their worth. Coupled with the imminent expansion of computer assisted detection the detection future from colonoscope imaging advances looks bright. This review aims to cover the major imaging advances and evidence for improvement in polyp detection.Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is the most common cause of chronic liver disease today, and it has now emerged as the leading etiology of end-stage liver disease requiring liver transplantation. It is a progressive form of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease which can not only progress to cirrhosis of liver and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), but is associated with increased cardiovascular risks too. GW5074 inhibitor Despite all the advances in the understanding of the risk factors and the pathogenetic pathways involved in the pathogenesis and progression of NASH, an effective therapy for NASH has not been developed yet. Although lifestyle modifications including dietary modifications and physical activity remain the mainstay of therapy, there is an unmet need to develop a drug or a combination of drugs which can not only reduce the fatty infiltration of the liver, but also arrest the development and progression of fibrosis and advancement to cirrhosis of liver and HCC. The pharmacologic therapies which are being developed target the various components believed to be involved in the pathogenesis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)/NASH which includes insulin resistance, lipid metabolism oxidative stress, lipid peroxidation, inflammatory and cell death pathways, and fibrosis. In this review, we summarize the current state of knowledge on pharmacotherapy of NASH, and also highlight the recent developments in the field, for optimizing the management and treatment of NASH.

Early stage liver cancer is often treated with hepatic resection or transplantation for curative intent. Microwave ablation (MWA) is often performed in patients who are poor surgical candidates, patients with limited multifocal disease, disease close to hepatic vasculature, but can also be performed with curative intent in case of small lesions. The purpose of this study is to evaluate safety and efficacy of MWA of liver tumors with final ablation zone ≤5 mm from the heart.

A retrospective review was conducted on patients with hepatic cancer who underwent MWA between 1/2015 and 6/2019. Patients with a final ablation zone ≤5 mm to the heart were included. For these patients, imaging obtained prior, during and after procedure along with procedure reports were used to identify tumor and ablation characteristics, and electronic medical records were used to identify patient demographics and disease status.

A total of 17 patients had liver tumors with ablation zone ≤5 mm to the heart. Mean lesion size was 18.