Maloneykennedy7138

Interfaces play critical roles in materials and are usually both structurally and compositionally complex microstructural features. The precise characterization of their nature in three-dimensions at the atomic scale is one of the grand challenges for microscopy and microanalysis, as this information is crucial to establish structure-property relationships. Atom probe tomography is well suited to analyzing the chemistry of interfaces at the nanoscale. However, optimizing such microanalysis of interfaces requires great care in the implementation across all aspects of the technique from specimen preparation to data analysis and ultimately the interpretation of this information. This article provides critical perspectives on key aspects pertaining to spatial resolution limits and the issues with the compositional analysis that can limit the quantification of interface measurements. Here, we use the example of grain boundaries in steels; however, the results are applicable for the characterization of grain boundaries and transformation interfaces in a very wide range of industrially relevant engineering materials.The goal of the radiotherapy (RT) planning process is to select and delineate target volumes with the best accuracy on the basis of all the available diagnostic information and the knowledge of the physiology of the disease. The recommendation of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) expert panel, is that an appropriately timed and technically adequate 2-[18F]fluoro-2-deoxy-d-glucose/Positron Emission Tomography-Computer Tomography (18F-FDG-PET/CT) imaging is an essential component in the radiotherapy treatment planning (RTP) process for lung cancer [1]. Each patient considered for radical radiotherapy should have had a staging 18F-FDG-PET/CT for RTP, acquired in treatment position and co-registered with the planning CT [2]. When used without specific adaptations for RTP, 18F-FDG-PET/CT scan can be visually correlated with the RTP CT to identify areas of disease to be included in the treatment volume. Technically the best available option is to acquire an 18F-FDG-PET/CT scan exclusively for the purpose of RTP. This scan may be performed when a staging PET has already been acquired and the patient is deemed suitable for radical radiotherapy. This approach requires two separate PET scans, which has an advantage that it removes any staging or patient selection issues but is expensive and therefore may not be possible in all health care systems because of financial or logistical limitations. selleck chemicals llc Another valid approach is to acquire a single 18F-FDG-PET/CT scan in radiotherapy treatment position to serve the dual purposes of staging and target volume delineation (TVD). It is imperative that the time interval between any imaging used for the purposes of radiotherapy target volume delineation and the radiotherapy treatment delivery, should be as short as possible. Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.net.PURPOSE The Italian Tailored Assessment of Lung Indeterminate Accidental Nodule (ITALIAN) trial is a trial drawn to determine the performance of 18F-FDG-PET/CT in patients with solitary pulmonary nodules (SPN) , stratified for different kind of risk. An additional end-point was to compare the diagnostic information and estimated dosimetry, provided by a segmental PET/CT (s-PET/CT) acquisition instead of a whole body PET/CT (wb-PET/CT), in order to evaluate if segmental thoracic PET/CT can be used in patients with SPN. METHODS 18F-FDG PET/CT of 502 patients, stratified for pre-test cancer risk, were retrospectively analyzed. FDG uptake in SPN was assessed by a 4-point scoring (4PS) system and a semiquantitative analysis using the ratio between SUVmax in SPN and SUVmean in mediastinal blood pool (BP), and between SUVmax in SPN and SUVmean in liver (L). Histopathology and/or follow-up data were used as standard of reference. Data obtained on the thoracic part of wb-PET/CT, defined as s -PET/CT, were compared witon of this segmental strategy could reduce radiation exposure, scan-time, and might allow individually targeted protocols. Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.net.BACKGROUND Considering a consistent body of evidence has been showing that schizophrenia patients have had an increased risk of developing dementia, the hypothesis that dementia and schizophrenia share a complex link is emerging. It is highly discussed that dysregulations related to Ca2+ signalling could link both diseases, in addition to cAMP signalling pathways. OBJECTIVE Thus, revealing this interplay between schizophrenia and dementia may provide novel insights into the pathogenesis of these diseases. METHODS Publications involving Ca2+ and cAMP signalling pathways, dementia and schizophrenia (alone or combined) were collected by searching PubMed and EMBASE. RESULTS Both Ca2+ and cAMP signalling pathways (Ca2+/cAMP signalling) control the release of neurotransmitters/hormones and neuronal death, and dysregulations of these cellular processes may be involved in both diseases. CONCLUSION Bearing in mind the experience of our group in this field, this article debated the involvement of Ca2+/cAMP signalling in this link between schizophrenia and dementia, including its pharmacological implications. Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.net.Tree nuts and peanuts are healthful foods with a track record of helping to reduce the incidence of chronic diseases, most notably cardiovascular disease. At the point of consumption, all nuts contain low moisture and ≥ 50% lipid contents, but this is where similarities end. The levels of key nutrients and bioactives including vitamin C, vitamin E, L-arginine, minerals (such as selenium and zinc), and phenolics differ. Distinctions in the types and quantities of phenolic constituents for tree nut species as well as the impact of digestion will affect the nuts' antioxidant potential in vivo. This chapter provides some insight into the different types of phenolics found in tree nuts and peanuts, the antioxidant potential of phenolic extracts using in vitro chemical assays, the effect of thermal processing on the stability of the nuts' endogenous phenolics, and the impact on biomarkers of human health arising from randomized clinical trials. Key biomarkers include measures in the reduction of LDL oxidation as well as increases in the levels of vitamin E and selected phenolic compounds in blood plasma postprandially from those of baseline.