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To assess potential filtration mechanisms, scanning electron microscopy was used in a comprehensive quantification and analysis of the morphology and surface ultrastructure for all five branchial arches in the ram suspension-feeding fish, American shad (Alosa sapidissima, Clupeidae). The orientation of the branchial arches and the location of mucus cells on the gill rakers were more consistent with mechanisms of crossflow filtration and cross-step filtration rather than conventional dead-end sieving. The long, thin gill rakers could lead to a large area for the exit of water from the oropharyngeal cavity during suspension feeding (high fluid exit ratio). The substantial elongation of gill rakers along the dorsal-ventral axis formed d-type ribs with a groove aspect ratio of 0.5 and a Reynolds number of approximately 500, consistent with the potential operation of cross-step filtration. Mucus cell abundance differed significantly along the length of the raker and the height of the raker. The mucus cell abundance data and the observed sloughing of denticles along the gill raker margins closest to the interior of the oropharyngeal cavity suggest that gill raker growth may occur primarily at the raker tips, the denticle bases, and the internal raker margins along the length of the raker. These findings will be applied in ongoing experiments with 3D-printed physical models of fish oral cavities in flow tanks, and in future ecological studies on the diet and nutrition of suspension-feeding fishes. © 2020 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.Collaboration or social interactions in which two or more individuals coordinate their behavior to produce outcomes from which both individuals benefit are common in nature. Individuals from many species hunt together, defend their territory, and form coalitions in intragroup competition. However, we still know very little about the proximate mechanisms underlying these behaviors. Recent theories of human cognitive evolution have emphasized the role collaboration may have played in the selection of socio-cognitive skills. It has been argued that the capacity to form shared goals and joint intentions with others, is what allows humans to collaborate so flexibly and efficiently. Although there is no evidence that nonhuman animals are capable of shared intentionality, there is conceivably a wide range of proximate mechanisms that support forms of, potentially flexible, collaboration in other species. We review the experimental literature with the aim of evaluating what we know about how other species achieve collaboration; with a particular focus on chimpanzees. We structure the review with a new categorization of collaborative behavior that focuses on whether individuals intentionally coordinate actions with others. We conclude that for a wider comparative perspective we need more data from other species but the findings so far suggest that chimpanzees, and possibly other great apes, are capable of understanding the causal role of a partner in collaboration. This article is categorized under Cognitive Biology > Evolutionary Roots of Cognition Psychology > Comparative Psychology. © 2020 The Authors. WIREs Cognitive Science published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.OBJECTIVE Urinary incontinence (UI) subtypes may have some effects on sexual function because of diverse pathophysiological mechanisms. The objective of our study is to compare UI subtypes' effects on women's sexual function and quality of life (QoL). METHODS In this descriptive and comparative study, a total of 239 women with UI were included (89 with stress urinary incontinence [SUI], 65 with urge urinary incontinence [UUI], and 85 with mixed urinary incontinence [MUI]). Sexual function was assessed with the Pelvic Organ Prolapse/Urinary Incontinence Sexual Questionnaire (PISQ-12), and QoL was assessed with the Incontinence Impact Questionnaire-7 (IIQ-7). RESULTS In our study, the mean total PISQ-12 score for the UI subtypes was 29.49 ± 6.38 for SUI, 31.43 ± 5.46 for UUI, and 23.12 ± 5.54 for MUI. Women with MUI had significantly more sexual dysfunctions than the other groups (P  .05). CONCLUSION The sexual function of women with MUI was affected more adversely than the other UI subtypes. There was no statistically significant difference between the UI subtypes according to IIQ-7 scores, but when we examined the scores, MUI and UUI were found to have more negative effects on QoL. Clinicians and continence nurses should make routine evaluations of sexual function and QoL for women according to UI subtypes. MYK461 © 2020 John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd.BACKGROUND With several susceptibility single nucleotide polymorphisms identified by case-control association studies, Graves' disease is one of the most common forms of autoimmune thyroid disease. In this study, we aimed to determine whether any observed differences in genetic associations are influenced by sex in Chinese Han populations. METHODS A total of 8,835 patients with Graves' disease and 9,936 sex-matched healthy controls were enrolled in the study. Confirmed by a two-staged association analysis, sex-specific analyses among 20 Graves' disease susceptibility loci were conducted. RESULTS A significant sex-gene interaction was detected primarily at rs5912838 on Xq21.1 between the GPR174 and ITM2A genes, whereby male Graves' disease patients possessed a significantly higher frequency of risk alleles than their female counterparts. Interestingly, compared to women, male patients with Graves' disease had a higher cumulative genetic risk and higher persistent thyroid stimulating hormone receptor antibody-positive rate after receiving antithyroid drug therapy for at least 1 year. CONCLUSION The findings of this study suggest the existence of one potential sex-specific Graves' disease variant on Xq21.1. This could increase our understanding of the pivotal mechanism behind Graves' disease and ultimately aid in identifying possible therapeutic targets. © 2020 The Authors. Molecular Genetics & Genomic Medicine published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.This study addressed the hypothesis that cardiac Sirtuin 1 (Sirt1) deficiency alters cardiomyocyte Ca2+ and Na+ regulation, leading to cardiac dysfunction and arrhythmogenesis. We used mice with cardiac-specific Sirt1 knockout (Sirt1-/- ). Sirt1flox/flox mice were served as control. Sirt1-/- mice showed impaired cardiac ejection fraction with increased ventricular spontaneous activity and burst firing compared with those in control mice. The arrhythmic events were suppressed by KN93 and ranolazine. Reduction in Ca2+ transient amplitudes and sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca2+ stores, and increased SR Ca2+ leak were shown in the Sirt1-/- mice. Electrophysiological measurements were performed using patch-clamp method. While L-type Ca2+ current (ICa, L ) was smaller in Sirt1-/- myocytes, reverse-mode Na+ /Ca2+ exchanger (NCX) current was larger compared with those in control myocytes. Late Na+ current (INa, L ) was enhanced in the Sirt1-/- mice, alongside with elevated cytosolic Na+ level. Increased cytosolic and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) were shown in Sirt1-/- mice.