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002). The postprocedure survey results showed most participants (88%) reported an enhanced experience using the CAIG. Use of the CAIG showed favorable results in novice SRNAs performing the simulated block. Procedure performance, number of attempts, and time to complete were significantly lower, with a strong preference for the CAIG system.Cigarette smoking has negative health implications for surgical patients. Smoking cessation before surgery reduces complications; however, information on the risks of smoking and benefits of quitting on surgical outcomes are not regularly provided to patients. It is especially important for smokers to quit now because they are at increased risk of serious complications of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The purpose of this project was to develop and implement a program for smoking cessation in a preanesthesia clinic associated with a southwestern medical center to increase motivation to quit smoking. The evidence-based program involved development of a provider toolkit, a referral process, provider education, and program evaluation. After provider education, the program commenced. Of the 134 current smokers encountered over a 16-week period, most were ready to quit within 30 days (n = 92, 68.66%). Of the smokers who were ready to quit, 50 (37.31%) accepted referral for smoking cessation counseling, treatment, or both. Only 13 (9.70%) of the 134 smokers were already receiving treatment. This program enabled providers to feel more comfortable discussing the implications of smoking, advising smokers to quit, providing education materials, and offering referral services at the appropriate stage of readiness for behavior change.Scant evidence exists regarding use of tranexamic acid (TXA) in high-risk obstetrics. The aim of this review was to evaluate the efficacy of prophylactic TXA in high-risk patients for postpartum hemorrhage. The review was conducted following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement. Only studies examining the effects of TXA compared with placebo in mitigating postpartum hemorrhage were included. The primary outcomes were blood loss intraoperatively and postoperatively. The secondary outcomes were the frequency of additional uterotonic therapy and postoperative hemoglobin concentration. Three trials consisting of 203 patients were included. Compared with placebo, there was a low quality of evidence that TXA may reduce blood loss intraoperatively (mean difference, -361.41; 95% CI, -573.13 to -149.69; P = .0008) and postoperatively (mean difference, -177.95; 95% CI, -296,65 to -59.25; P = .003). We also found a moderate quality of evidence that TXA decreased the number of uterotonic agents used (risk ratio, 0.26; 85% CI, 0.16 to 0.41; P less then .00001) but did not affect postoperative hemoglobin level (mean difference, 0.41; 95% CI, -0.08 to 0.90; P = .10). Prophylactic TXA may decrease blood loss and reduce the number of rescue uterotonics in high-risk patients undergoing cesarean delivery.Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) is an unpleasant complication following anesthesia and surgical procedures experienced by both adults and children. Compared with adults, children are 2 times more likely to experience PONV. Many studies have identified and independently validated risk factors associated with the development of PONV in the pediatric population. Chief among these are patient age greater than 3 years, surgical duration greater than 30 minutes, surgical type, and a history of PONV. The purpose of this evidence-based practice change was to investigate if preoperative documentation of a patient's PONV history will lower PONV rates postoperatively. A PONV history assessment tab was created to aid in the documentation of the patient's PONV history, and a retrospective chart review was conducted 2 months before and 2 months after the practice change. A total of 2,279 preintervention cases were compared with 2,006 postintervention cases. Rates of PONV dropped 22%, from 153 preintervention cases to 120 postintervention cases, demonstrating a significant (P = .0043) decrease in PONV rates following a patient's reported history of PONV. Documentation of a patient's PONV history preoperatively led to a decrease in postoperative rates of PONV.Objective The aims of this study were to (1) identify the characteristics of patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB) who do not attend their hospital liver clinic appointments; and (2) raise awareness among general practitioners (GP) of alternative pathways to care for CHB in order to prevent long-term complications of CHB (liver cancer and cirrhosis). Methods This prospective study was conducted between May 2018 and January 2019 at one site of a tertiary referral hospital in western Melbourne. Patients with minimal liver complications who did not attend their first two initial appointments were included in the study, in addition to referring GPs of new CHB patients to the liver clinic who had minimal liver complications (characterised by minimal fibrosis ( less then 7kPa)) and no liver comorbidities (including cirrhosis and/or hepatocellular carcinoma). GPs of patients who failed to attend the liver clinic as a new patient were sent an alternative discharge letter that included information on alternative pat attendance rates. Although this particular intervention to engage GPs in collaborative care had limited results, it is clear that management of CHB by GPs, transparency in wait lists and adequate resourcing of specialist services would help alleviate the referral burden on hospitals. What are the implications for practitioners? GPs should be aware that waiting lists for liver clinic appointments can be extensive in public hospital settings due to the high referral burden and limited resources of these services. Alternative pathways to care, such as GPs trained to prescribe Schedule 100 drugs, are an effective means of alleviating this burden while also ensuring CHB patients are seen in a timely manner and receive routine monitoring.[Erratum to BMB Reports 2018; 51(6) 265-273, PMID 29661268] The BMB Reports would like to correct in the Figure 2 of BMB Rep. 51(6) 265-273 titled "Degradation or aggregation the ramifications of post-translational modifications on tau." The original version of this article unfortunately contained typographical errors in the Figure 2. This article has been updated to correct thses errors (red squares) in Figure 2.BACKGROUND We investigated health-related quality of life (HrQoL) in Filipino people undergoing TB treatment, and whether HrQoL was negatively impacted by comorbidity with undernutrition, diabetes (DM) and anaemia.METHODS Adult participants were enrolled in public facilities in Metro Manila (three sites) and Negros Occidental (two sites). Multivariate linear regression was used to model the four correlated domain scores from a WHOQOL-BREF questionnaire (physical, psychological, social, environmental). A forward-stepwise approach was used to select a final multivariable model with inclusion based on global tests of significance at P less then 0.1.RESULTS In 446 people on drug-susceptible TB treatment, DM and moderate/severe anaemia were not associated with HrQoL. After adjustment for age, sex, education, food insecurity, treatment adherence, inflammation, Category I or II TB treatment, treatment phase, current side effects and inhibited ability to work, moderate/severe undernutrition (body mass index less then 17 kg/m²) was associated with lower HrQoL (P = 0.003) with reduced psychological (coefficient -1.02, 95% CI -1.54 to -0.51), physical (-0.62, 95% CI -1.14 to -0.09) and environmental domain scores (-0.45, 95% CI -0.88 to -0.01). In 225 patients with known HIV status in Metro Manila, HIV was associated with modestly reduced HrQoL (P = 0.014).CONCLUSION Nutritional status and food insecurity represent modifiable risk factors for poor HrQoL that may be alleviated through interventions.OBJECTIVE To measure the frequency of diseases related to latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) and tuberculosis (TB), we assessed the agreement between diagnosis codes for TB or LTBI in electronic health records (EHRs) and insurance claims for the same person.METHODS In a US population-based, retrospective cohort study, we matched TB-related Systematized Nomenclature of Medicine-Clinical Terms (SNOMED CT) EHR codes and International Statistical Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-10-CM) claims codes. Furthermore, LTBI was identified using a published ICD-based algorithm and all LTBI- and TB-related SNOMED CT codes.RESULTS Of people with the 10 most frequent TB-related claim codes, 50% did not have an exact-matched EHR code. Positive tuberculin skin test was the most frequent unmatched EHR code and people with the 10 most frequent TB EHR codes, 40% did not have an exact-matched claim code. The most frequent unmatched claim code was TB screening encounter. EHR codes for LTBI matched to claims codes for TB testing; pulmonary TB; and nonspecific, positive or adverse tuberculin reaction.CONCLUSION TB-related EHR codes and claims diagnostic codes often disagree, and people with claims codes for LTBI have unexpected EHR codes, indicating the need to reconcile these coding systems.BACKGROUND Evidence on the impact of tuberculosis (TB) treatment on lung function is scarce. The aim of this study was to evaluate post-treatment sequelae in drug-susceptible and drug-resistant-TB (DR-TB) cases in Mexico and Italy.METHODS At the end of TB treatment the patients underwent complete clinical assessment, functional evaluation of respiratory mechanics, gas exchange and a 6-minute walking test. Treatment regimens (and definitions) recommended by the World Health Organization were used throughout.RESULTS Of 61 patients, 65.6% had functional impairment, with obstruction in 24/61 patients (39.4%), and 78% with no bronchodilator response. These effects were more prevalent among DR-TB cases (forced expiratory volume in 1 s/forced vital capacity [FEV1/FVC] less then lower limit of normality, 14/24 vs. 10/34; P = 0.075). DR-TB patients showed moderately severe (FEV1 less then 60%) and severe obstruction (FEV1 less then 50%) (P = 0.008). Pre- and post-bronchodilator FEV1 and FEV1/FVC (% of predicted) were significantly lower among DR-TB cases. Plethysmography abnormalities (restriction, hyperinflation and/or air trapping) were more frequent among DR-TB cases (P = 0.001), along with abnormal carbon monoxide diffusing capacity (DLCO) (P = 0.003).CONCLUSION The majority of TB patients suffer the consequences of post-treatment sequelae (of differing levels), which compromise quality of life, exercise tolerance and long-term prognosis. It is therefore important that lung function is comprehensively evaluated post-treatment to identify patient needs for future medication and pulmonary rehabilitation.BACKGROUND In 2016, 3% of newly diagnosed patients with tuberculosis (TB) left the United States, of whom 24% moved to Mexico. Continuity of care for TB is important to ensure patients complete treatment and reduce TB transmission. CureTB provides continuity of care for patients with TB who move out of the United States by referring them for care at their destination.METHODS Analysis of CureTB data collected between January 2012 to December 2015 to describe demographics and outcomes of referred patients and examine factors contributing to successful treatment outcomes.RESULTS CureTB received 1347 referrals mostly from health departments and law enforcement agencies in the United States (92%). A total of 858 referrals were for patients with verified or possible TB (64%). Most patients moved to Mexico or other Latin American countries (96%) and completed treatment after departing (78%). Poor treatment outcomes were associated with being in custody (33%), not being interviewed by CureTB (30%), and not having diabetes (18%).