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th care within Australian communities.Colorectal carcinoma is the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths in the United States, with rectal cancer accounting for approximately one third of newly diagnosed cases. Surgery remains the cornerstone of curative therapy, with total mesorectal excision being the standard of care. Although minimally invasive procedures might be appropriate for a subset of patients with early-stage, superficial tumors, the standard of care for medically operable patients with nonmetastatic rectal cancer includes a comprehensive multimodality approach of neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy, surgery with total mesorectal excision, and systemic chemotherapy. However, the morbidity and mortality related to both local and distant organ relapse have remained challenging. In the present review, we have discussed the trial-level evidence that has shaped the current clinical practice patterns in the treatment of curable, nonmetastatic rectal cancer. In addition, we have discussed the anticipated results of ongoing clinical trials and outlined pragmatic opportunities for future investigation to optimize the current status quo and, hopefully, provide prospective validation of novel approaches in the treatment of rectal cancer.

Surgery residents have few opportunities to work closely with attending surgeons or conduct research during clinical time. We hypothesized that a mentorship elective with a required research project would benefit residents' career development, including their personal connections with faculty mentors, and would help them build their academic portfolio.

We created a mentorship elective designed as a one-on-one apprenticeship. Completion of a scholarly project was a core component of the elective. Residents, faculty, and the most senior resident ('non-mentee') on the same service as the elective resident were interviewed after the completion of their rotation.

University-based surgery residency at Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA.

All 5 residents in postgraduate year 4 (PGY-4) participated in the mentorship elective during the 2019 to 2020 academic year. Residents identified their faculty mentor. All mentees (5/5), most mentors (4/5), and all non-mentees (4/4) were interviewed.

All mentees reported iand research productivity.

A structured apprenticeship rotation allowed for closer relationships with attending surgeons and increased the scholarly achievement of PGY-4 surgery residents. We provide an example of how to incorporate a successful elective rotation into the surgery curriculum that strengthens resident career development and research productivity.

Individual interviews are an important part of the residency interview process. Programs may use these scores to calculate rankings used in the match process. Individual interviewers can introduce bias by consistently scoring candidates higher or lower than their peers. The order of interview or year of interview also has the potential to introduce bias. This study seeks to determine if interviewers or timing introduces bias into interview scores and to provide a method to adjust for this bias.

Interview scores at a single general surgery residency program were obtained over 3 years. The mean interview score and standard error were calculated for each interviewer. Gefitinib The difference in average score between years and by order of interview was evaluated with a linear mixed model. Individual interviewer mean scores were ranked from lowest scores to highest scores. Each candidate's interview score was then plotted against the combined rank of their respective interviewers and significance was calculated for linerge cohort of residency interviewers, interview scores demonstrated significant interviewer bias. This bias has the potential to significantly alter an applicant's rank list position. An adjustment score can be calculated to reduce this bias in interview scores. Prospective validation of this adjustment will be helpful in determining its utility in candidate ranking.

In a large cohort of residency interviewers, interview scores demonstrated significant interviewer bias. This bias has the potential to significantly alter an applicant's rank list position. An adjustment score can be calculated to reduce this bias in interview scores. Prospective validation of this adjustment will be helpful in determining its utility in candidate ranking.

Medical schools and surgical programs have implemented a "boot camp" to assist medical students' transition into surgical interns and help them contend with a deluge of new responsibilities. This study aims to determine what faculty, residents, and medical students identify as the most critical topics for a surgical boot camp curriculum.

Forty-five-question survey was developed through an iterative review with multiple surgical colleagues in conjunction with the American College of Surgeons/Association of Program Directors/the Association of Surgical Education resident prep curricular modules. The questions were grouped into 3 broad categories, which included technical skills, practical knowledge, and clinical knowledge. Data were analyzed by a chi-squared test for proportions and continuous variables were compared using t test or ANOVA tests, when appropriate.

There was a total of 62 participants, 19 (31%) were attending surgeons, 28 (45%) were general surgery residents, and 15 (24%) were fourth-year mhtly scheduled surgical boot camp.

Mirrored psychophysiological change in cognitive workload indices may reflect shared mental models and effective healthcare team dynamics. In this exploratory analysis, we investigated the frequency of mirrored changes, defined as concurrent peaks in heart rate variability (HRV) across team members, during cardiac surgery.

Objective cognitive workload was evaluated via HRV collected from the primary surgical team during cardiac surgery cases (N = 15). Root mean square of the successive differences (RMSSD) was calculated as the primary HRV measure. Procedures were divided into consecutive nonoverlapping 5-minute segments, and RMSSD along with deviations from RMSSD were calculated for each segment. Segments with positive deflections represent above-average cognitive workload. Positive deflections and peaks across dyads within the same segment were counted.

Data collection for this study took place in the cardiovascular operating room during live surgeries.

Physiological data were collected and analyzed from the attending surgeon, attending anesthesiologist, and primary perfusionist involved with the recorded cases.