Mackinnonmueller7452

The highly polarized, typically very long, and nonmitotic nature of neurons present them with unique challenges in the maintenance of their homeostasis. This architectural complexity serves a rich and tightly controlled set of functions that enables their fast communication with neighboring cells and endows them with exquisite plasticity. The submembrane neuronal cytoskeleton occupies a pivotal position in orchestrating the structural patterning that determines local and long-range subcellular specialization, membrane dynamics, and a wide range of signaling events. At its center is the partnership between ankyrins and spectrins, which self-assemble with both remarkable long-range regularity and micro- and nanoscale specificity to precisely position and stabilize cell adhesion molecules, membrane transporters, ion channels, and other cytoskeletal proteins. To accomplish these generally conserved, but often functionally divergent and spatially diverse, roles these partners use a combinatorial program of a couple of dozens interacting family members, whose code is not fully unraveled. In a departure from their scaffolding roles, ankyrins and spectrins also enable the delivery of material to the plasma membrane by facilitating intracellular transport. Thus, it is unsurprising that deficits in ankyrins and spectrins underlie several neurodevelopmental, neurodegenerative, and psychiatric disorders. Here, I summarize key aspects of the biology of spectrins and ankyrins in the mammalian neuron and provide a snapshot of the latest advances in decoding their roles in the nervous system. © 2020 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.HLA-B*540108 differs from B*540101 by a synonymous mutation at codon 228 in exon 4. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.AIM The aim of this study was to explore the prevalence of ageist attitudes among older adults hospitalised in a geriatric rehabilitation facility, as well as the association between satisfaction with care and ageist attitudes. In addition, this study also explores the prevalence of ageist attitudes among healthcare professionals. BACKGROUND An ageist environment may potentially increase internalisation of stereotypes by older adults, which in turn may have a negative impact on care outcomes. METHODS In this quantitative correlational study, a questionnaire was completed by 100 older patients hospitalised in a rehabilitation department of a geriatric medical centre located in North-Central Israel, and 87 healthcare professionals working in the same department. RESULTS The attitudes of older patients towards their peers were neither definitely positive nor definitely negative, as were the attitudes held among healthcare professionals working in the facility. Patients with lower knowledge about old age, women and patients born in former Soviet Republics had more ageist attitudes. Older patients' satisfaction with care was relatively high and was not associated with ageist attitudes towards their peers. CONCLUSIONS Both healthcare professionals and older patients held ageist attitudes to some extent. Certain older patients' sociodemographic characteristics, as well as lower knowledge about old age, have been found associated with more ageist attitudes towards their peers. In contrast, satisfaction with care does not seem to affect older patients' attitudes towards their peers. Healthcare professionals working in a geriatric facility should be aware of the prevalence of ageism among older patients. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE The findings highlight the importance of educational interventions among healthcare professionals to increase awareness of the prevalence of ageism among older patients in a geriatric setting. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.With the increase of device requirements, rechargeable lithium-ion batteries are facing tremendous challenges in large-scale applications due to the high price and gradual shortage of lithium sources. MPP antagonist in vitro In contrast, multivalent ion batteries, such as aluminum, magnesium, and zinc, are promising candidates for the next-generation energy-storage systems because of their high volumetric energy density, safe operation, and abundant reserves. The strong intercalation between multivalent ions and the host materials, however, will cause lower ion-diffusion kinetics and a poor discharge capacity. One of the main challenges is to search for a suitable cathode material with a high capacity and good structural stability to overcome the abovementioned problems. Two-dimensional layered materials, with characteristic unique structural features, good conductivity, and high electrochemically active surface, have attracted attention from researchers during the past decade. In this review, the design approach and synthetic procedures for the preparation of two-dimensional materials as cathodes for multivalent ion batteries, including interlayer engineering, two-dimensional heterostructures, pore/hole engineering, and heteroatom doping, are summarized. Meanwhile, the relationship between the design configuration and optimized electrochemical performance is rationally and systematically presented. Additionally, perspectives for the sustainable synthesis of cathode materials are proposed for multivalent metal-ion chemistry. © 2020 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.Populus euphratica is well adapted to extreme desert environments and is an important model species for elucidating the mechanisms of abiotic stress resistance in trees. The current assembly of P. euphratica genome is highly fragmented with many gaps and errors, thereby impeding downstream applications. Here, we report an improved chromosome-level reference genome of P. euphratica (v2.0) using single-molecule sequencing and chromosome conformation capture (Hi-C) technologies. Relative to the previous reference genome, our assembly represents a nearly 60-fold improvement in contiguity, with a scaffold N50 size of 28.59 Mb. Using this genome, we have found that extensive expansion of Gypsy elements in P. euphratica led to its rapid increase in genome size compared to any other Salicaceae species studied to date, and potentially contributed to adaptive divergence driven by insertions near genes involved in stress tolerance. We also detected a wide range of unique structural rearrangements in P. euphratica, including 2,549 translocations, 454 inversions, 121 tandem and 14 segmental duplications.