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In routine clinical practice, sensitization against cultivated rye can safely be detected by skin prick test with grass allergen. In addition, the sensitivity of birch skin prick test is high in terms of sensitization towards hazel, but lower for alder. Sensitivity of Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus skin prick test also is high to detect sensitization towards Dermatophagoides farinae. Further research will indicate if several skin prick test allergens will disappear and be completely replaced by a single skin prick test based on the principle of homologous groups.Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (APDT) is a promising approach for treatment of wounds infected with antibiotic-resistant bacteria. In this approach, delivery of appropriate concentration of photosensitizer (PS) at the infected site is a critical step; it is therefore essential that PS need to be administered at the infected site in a suitable formulation. Here, we report preparation of PS-embedded composite biopolymer films and their photobactericidal properties against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and biocompatibility. Sodium alginate (SA), pectin (PC), and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) were used for preparing films containing chlorin p6 (Cp6, anionic PS) or methylene blue (MB, cationic PS). Films containing 1% CMC (15 mm diameter; 110 ± 09 μm thickness) showed ~ 55% light transmission in 500 to 750 nm region and high swelling rate as indicated by ~ 38% increase in diameter within 1 h. Absorption spectroscopic studies of PS-embedded films revealed that while Cp6 existed mainly in monomeric state, MB existed in both dimeric and monomeric forms. MRSA incubated with the film for 1 h displayed substantial uptake of Cp6 and MB as indicated by the presence of Cp6 fluorescence and MB staining in cells under the microscope. Furthermore, photodynamic treatment (660 nm, 10 J/cm2) of MRSA with Cp6 embedded in film or free Cp6 resulted in ~ 3 log reduction in colony-forming units (cfu), whereas decrease in cfu was less (~ 1 log) for MB-embedded film than for free MB (~ 6 logs). Studies on human keratinocyte (HaCaT) cells showed that there was no significant change in the viability of cells when they were incubated with solubilized films (plain) for 24 h or subjected to treatment with PS-containing films followed by PDT. These results suggest that films are biocompatible and have potential application in photodynamic treatment of MRSA-infected wounds.First-line treatment for metastatic clear-cell renal cell carcinoma patients with intermediate and poor-risk features consists of a combination of immune checkpoint inhibitors (e.g., nivolumab + ipilimumab) or immunotherapy with an anti-vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR) drug (e.g., axitinib). The subsequent line of therapy should be determined on the basis of previous treatments and approved drugs available, based on the results of randomized clinical trials. Unfortunately, no phase 3 trial has compared the safety and efficacy of drugs after immunotherapy; thus, drug choice is more empirical than evidence-based. As the tumor may still be anti-VEGFR drug-naïve, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor approved for first line treatment (e.g., sunitinib or pazopanib) may be beneficial. Because this is a second-line treatment, patients could also receive axitinib, cabozantinib, or a combination of lenvatinib and everolimus. The treating physician should choose an appropriate treatment according to the patient's age, comorbidities, and tolerability of previous checkpoint inhibitors, among other considerations. Cases of patients with renal cell carcinoma refractory to checkpoint inhibitor treatment are growing, warranting a review of the activity and safety of target therapies after immunotherapy.Naringenin (NG) is a natural antioxidant flavonoid which is isolated from citrus fruits, and has been reported to inhibit colon cancer proliferation. However, the effects of NG treatment on glioma remain to be elucidated. The present study aimed to explore the effects of NG on glioma in vitro and in vivo. Also, the interactions between NG and APO2 ligand (APO2L; also known as tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand) were investigated in glioma. A synergistic effect of NG and APO2L combination on apoptotic induction was observed, though glioma cells were insensitive to APO2L alone. After NG treatment, glioma cells resumed the sensitivity to APO2L and cell apoptosis was induced via the activation of caspases, elevation of decoy receptors 4 and 5 (DR4 and DR5) and induction of p53. Coadministration of NG and APO2L decreased levels of anti-apoptotic B cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) family members Bcl-2 and Bcl-extra large (Bcl-xL), while increased levels of proapoptotic factors Bcl-2-associated agonist of cell death (Bad) and Bcl-2 antagonist/killer 1 (Bak). Furthermore, an in vivo mouse xenograft model demonstrated that NG and APO2L cotreatment markedly suppressed glioma growth by activating apoptosis in tumor tissues when compared with NG or APO2L monotherapy. The present study provides a novel therapeutic strategy for glioma by potentiating APO2L-induced apoptosis via the combination with NG in glioma tumor cells.We examined forest and tree responses to decreasing nutrient availability with soil aging in a species-rich tropical montane rain forest on Mount Kinabalu, Borneo. Community composition and structure and tree growth rates were compared between two 1 ha plots on nutrient-rich young soil versus nutrient-deficient old soil. CYT387 order Myrtaceae and Fagaceae dominated both plots. With soil aging, the dominance of Lauraceae, stem density, basal area and aboveground biomass decreased, and the forest understory became brighter. Some dominant taxa on the old soil (Podocarpaceae and the genus Tristaniopsis in Myrtaceae) were virtually absent on the young soil; this was attributed to light limitation in the understory. Growth rates of understory trees were lower on the young soil, whereas those of canopy trees were lower on the old soil. This suggested that the growth of understory trees was limited by light on the young soil, whereas that of canopy trees was limited by nutrients on the old soil. Of the eight species that were abundant in both plots, the dominance of five species was considerably lower on the old soil, four of which also exhibited decreased maximum sizes and lower growth rates.