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To maintain the world population demand, a sustainable agriculture is needed. Since current global vision is more friendly with the environment, eco-friendly alternatives are desirable. In this sense, plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria could be the choice for the management of soil-borne diseases of crop plants. These rhizobacteria secrete chemical compounds which act as phytohormones. Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) is the most common plant hormone of the auxin class which regulates various processes of plant growth. IAA compound, in which structure can be found a carboxylic acid attached through a methylene group to the C-3 position of an indole ring, is produced both by plants and microorganisms. Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria and fungi secrete IAA to promote the plant growth. In this review, IAA production and mechanisms of action by bacteria and fungi along with the metabolic pathways evolved in the IAA secretion and commercial prospects are revised.Key points• Many microorganisms produce auxins which help the plant growth promotion.• These auxins improve the plant growth by several mechanisms.• The auxins are produced through different mechanisms.Haloferax mediterranei, a poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) producing haloarchaeon, possesses four PHA synthase encoding genes, phaC, phaC1, phaC2, and phaC3. In the wild-type strain, except phaC, the other three genes are cryptic and not transcribed under PHA-accumulating conditions. The PhaC protein together with PhaE subunit forms the active PHA synthase and catalyzes PHBV polymerization. Previously, it was observed that the deletion of a gene named pps-like significantly enhanced PHBV accumulation probably resulted from the upregulation of pha cluster genes (phaR-phaP-phaE-phaC). The present study demonstrated the influence of pps-like gene deletion on the cryptic phaC genes. As revealed by qRT-PCR, the expression level of the three cryptic genes was upregulated in the ΔEPSΔpps-like geneΔphaC mutant. Sequential knockout of the cryptic phaC genes and fermentation experiments showed that PhaC1 followed by PhaC3 had the ability to synthesize PHBV in ΔEPSΔpps-like geneΔphaC mutant. Both PhaC1 and PhaC3 could complex with PhaE to form functionally active PHA synthase. However, the expression of phaC2 did not lead to PHBV synthesis. Moreover, PhaC, PhaC1, and PhaC3 exhibited distinct substrate specificity as the 3HV content in PHBV copolymers was different. The EMSA result showed that PPS-like protein might be a negative regulator of phaC1 gene by binding to its promoter region. Taken together, PhaC1 had the most pronounced effect on PHBV synthesis in ΔEPSΔpps-like geneΔphaC mutant and deletion of pps-like gene released the negative effect from phaC1 expression and thereby restored PHBV accumulating ability in ΔphaC mutant. KEY POINTS • Cryptic phaC genes were activated by pps-like gene deletion. • PPS-like protein probably regulated phaC1 expression by binding to its promoter. • Both PhaC1 and PhaC3 formed active PHA synthase with PhaE.Reactive Black 5 (RB5) is a typical refractory azo dye. Widespread utilization of RB5 has caused a variety of environmental and health problems. learn more of RB5 can be a promising solution due to its superiority as an eco-friendly and cost-competitive process. Bacterial CotA-laccase shows great application prospect to eliminate hazardous dyes from wastewater. However, efficient decolorization of RB5 CotA-laccase generally requires the participation of costly, toxic mediators. In the present study, we modified the amino acids Thr415 and Thr418 near the type 1 copper site and the amino acid Gln442 at the entrance of the substrate-binding pocket of Bacillus pumilus W3 CotA-laccase to boost its RB5 decolorization activity based on molecular docking analysis and site-saturation mutagenesis. Through the strategies, two double site mutants T415D/Q442A and T418K/Q442A obtained demonstrated 43.94 and 52.64% RB5 decolorization rates in the absence of a mediator at pH 10.0, respectively, which were about 3.70- and 4.43-fold higher compared with the wild-type CotA-laccase. Unexpectedly, the catalytic efficiency of the T418K/Q442A to ABTS was enhanced by 5.33-fold compared with the wild-type CotA-laccase. #link# The mechanisms of conferring enhanced activity to the mutants were proposed by structural analysis. In summary, the mutants T415D/Q442A and T418K/Q442A have good application potentials for the biodegradation of RB5. KEY POINTS • Three amino acids of CotA-laccase were manipulated by site-saturation mutagenesis. • Decolorization rate of two mutants to RB5 was enhanced 3.70- and 4.43-fold, respectively. • The mechanisms of awarding enhanced activity to the mutants were supposed.The majority of Golgi glycosyltransferases are type II membrane proteins with a small cytosolic tail at their N-terminus. Several mechanisms for localizing these glycosyltransferases to the Golgi have been proposed. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate-binding protein ScVps74p interacts with the cytosolic tail of a Golgi glycosyltransferase and contributes to its localization. In this study, we investigated whether a similar mechanism functions in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. First, we identified gpp74+ (GPP34 domain-containing Vps74 homolog protein), a gene encoding the S. pombe homolog of S. cerevisiae Vps74p. Deletion of the gpp74+ gene resulted in the missorting of three Golgi glycosyltransferases, SpOch1p, SpMnn9p, and SpOmh1p, to vacuoles, but not SpAnp1p, indicating Gpp74p is required for targeting some glycosyltransferases to the Golgi apparatus. Gpp74p with an N-terminal GFP-tag localized to both the Golgi apparatus and the cytosol. Golgi localization of Gpp74p was dependent on the phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase SpPik1p. Site-directed mutagenesis of hydrophobic and basic amino acids in the cytosolic tails of SpOch1p and SpMnn9p resulted in their missorting to vacuoles, indicating these cytosolic N-terminal residues are important for localization in the Golgi. Unexpectedly, no prominent alternations in protein glycosylation were observed in S. pombe gpp74Δ cells, probably due to the residual Golgi localization of some SpOch1p and SpMnn9p in these cells. Collectively, these results demonstrate that both Gpp74p-dependent and Gpp74p-independent mechanisms are responsible for the Golgi localization of glycosyltransferases to the Golgi in S. pombe. KEY POINTS • Gpp74p is involved in the localization of glycosyltransferases to the Golgi. • The cytosolic tails of glycosyltransferases are important for Golgi localization. • Gpp74p localizes to the Golgi in a SpPik1p-dependent manner.Tolypocladium guangdongense is a high-value edible fungus with various medicinal and food safety properties. However, its evolutionary and genetic information is still limited. Mitochondrial genomes are potential models for molecular evolution and phylogenetic studies. In this study, we sequenced the complete mitogenome of T. guangdongense, demonstrating circular sequence of 46,102 bp, containing 14 standard protein-coding genes (PCGs), 2 ribosomal RNA subunit genes, and 28 tRNA genes. Phylogenetic analysis based on mitochondrial genes indicated that T. guangdongense was clustered into the Tolypocladium genus with high support value, based on the core PCG dataset. In addition, rps3 is also a suitable marker in the phylogenetic analysis in Hypocreales. Gene rearrangement analysis indicated that the gene order of PCGs was highly consistent in Hypocreales, and tRNA rearrangement events occurred in most species of Hypocreales; however, the rearrangement rates were not taxonomically correlated. Divergence time estimation based on the old fossil record and previous reports revealed that T. guangdongense originated approximately in the middle Cenozoic (42 Mya, 95% highest posterior density interval 43-116) with the Tolypocladium genus differentiation. Our results provided more mitogenomic information of T. guangdongense and shed new insights into evolution of the Tolypocladium genus. KEY POINTS • The general and unique features of T. guangdongense mitogenome are firstly reported. • Phylogenetic analysis further verified the taxonomic status of T. guangdongense. • Divergence time estimation provides more evolutionary information of T. guangdongense.Bacteria belonging to Rhodococcus genus represent ideal candidates for microbial biotechnology applications because of their metabolic versatility, ability to degrade a wide range of organic compounds, and resistance to various stress conditions, such as metal toxicity, desiccation, and high concentration of organic solvents. Rhodococcus spp. strains have also peculiar biosynthetic activities that contribute to their strong persistence in harsh and contaminated environments and provide them a competitive advantage over other microorganisms. This review is focused on the metabolic features of Rhodococcus genus and their potential use in biotechnology strategies for the production of compounds with environmental, industrial, and medical relevance such as biosurfactants, bioflocculants, carotenoids, triacylglycerols, polyhydroxyalkanoate, siderophores, antimicrobials, and metal-based nanostructures. These biosynthetic capacities can also be exploited to obtain high value-added products from low-cost substrates (industrial wastes and contaminants), offering the possibility to efficiently recover valuable resources and providing possible waste disposal solutions. Rhodococcus spp. strains have also recently been pointed out as a source of novel bioactive molecules highlighting the need to extend the knowledge on biosynthetic capacities of members of this genus and their potential utilization in the framework of bioeconomy. KEY POINTS • Rhodococcus possesses promising biosynthetic and bioconversion capacities. • Rhodococcus bioconversion capacities can provide waste disposal solutions. • Rhodococcus bioproducts have environmental, industrial, and medical relevance. Graphical abstract.Over the past decade, the Prostate Imaging-Reporting and Data System (PI-RADS) has revolutionized the manner in which prostate cancer is screened for, detected, biopsied, and managed. The single greatest contribution of PI-RADS has been the standardization of interpretation and reporting of findings on MRI of the prostate. link2 This standardization has led to the wide acceptance of the PI-RADS lexicon at a time when structured reporting templates are becoming more widespread in radiology and other medical fields. The author reviews the benefits of structured reporting templates with a focus on prostate MRI, prior studies on this topic, and details of a suggested template.

To compare the diagnostic performance of PI-RADS version 2.1 (PI-RADS v2.1) and PI-RADS v2 for transition zone prostate cancer (TZPC), and analyse its performance for readers with different experience levels.

Eighty-five patients with suspected prostate cancer who underwent biopsy after MRI scan between January and December 2017 were retrospectively enrolled. One junior radiologist (reader 1, 1year of experience in using PI-RADS v2) and one senior radiologist (reader 2, 6years of experience) independently reviewed and assigned a score for each lesion according to PI-RADS v2.1 and v2. link3 The template-guided transperineal prostate biopsy was used for standard of reference. To compare the diagnostic performance of the two methods, the AUC was calculated. The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy were calculated at predefined positive values (PI-RADS ≥ 3). The interreader agreement and frequency of prostate cancer for each PI-RADS category were also calculated.

Among the 85 patients, 27 had prostate cancers, and 25 were clinically significant prostate cancer (csPCa).