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Chronic pain lasting more than 3 mo, or even several years can lead to disability. Treating chronic pain safely and effectively is a critical challenge faced by clinicians. Because administration of analgesics through oral, intravenous or intramuscular routes is not satisfactory, research toward percutaneous delivery has gained interest. The transdermal patch is one such percutaneous delivery system that can deliver drugs through the skin and capillaries at a certain rate to achieve a systemic or local therapeutic effect in the affected area. It has many advantages including ease of administration and hepatic first pass metabolism avoidance as well as controlling drug delivery, which reduces the dose frequency and side effects. If not required, then the patch can be removed from the skin immediately. The scopolamine patch was the first transdermal patch to be approved for the treatment of motion sickness by the Food and Drug Administration in 1979. From then on, the transdermal patch has been widely used to treat many diseases. To date, no guidelines or consensus are available on the use of analgesic drugs through transdermal delivery. The pain branch of the Chinese Medical Association, after meeting and discussing with experts and based on clinical evidence, developed a consensus for promoting and regulating standard use of transdermal patches containing analgesic drugs.Neuropathic pain (NPP) is a kind of pain caused by disease or damage impacting the somatosensory system. Ion channel drugs are the main treatment for NPP; however, their irregular usage leads to unsatisfactory pain relief. To regulate the treatment of NPP with ion channel drugs in clinical practice, the Chinese Association for the Study of Pain organized first-line pain management experts from China to write an expert consensus as the reference for the use of ion channels drugs . Here, we reviewed the mechanism and characteristics of sodium and calcium channel drugs, and developed recommendations for the therapeutic principles and clinical practice for carbamazepine, oxcarbazepine, lidocaine, bulleyaconitine A, pregabalin, and gabapentin. We hope this guideline provides guidance to clinicians and patients on the use of ion channel drugs for the management of NPP.Chronic postsurgical pain is a common surgical complication that severely reduces a patient's quality of life. Many perioperative interventions and management strategies have been developed for reducing and managing chronic postsurgical pain. Under the leadership of the Chinese Association for the Study of Pain, an editorial committee was formed for chronic postsurgical pain diagnosis and treatment by experts in relevant fields. The editorial committee composed the main content and framework of this consensus and established a working group. The working group conducted literature review (1989-2020) using key words such as "surgery", "post-surgical", "post-operative", "pain", "chronic", and "persistent" in different databases including MEDLINE, EMBASE, PubMed, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials and Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. Only publications in the English language were included. GSK467 manufacturer The types of literature included systematic reviews, randomized controlled studies, cohort studies and case reports. This consensus was written based on clinical practice combined with literature evidence. The first draft of the consensus was rigorously reviewed and edited by all the editorial committee experts before being finalized. The level of evidence was assessed by methodological experts based on the Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine Levels of Evidence. The strength of recommendation was evaluated by all editorial committee experts, and the opinions of most experts were adopted as the final decision. The recommendation level "strong" generally refers to recommendations based on high-level evidence and consistency between clinical behavior and expected results. The recommendation level "weak" generally refers to the uncertainty between clinical behavior and expected results based on low-level evidence.Myofascial pain syndrome (MPS) is characterized by myofascial trigger points and fascial constrictions. At present, domestic and foreign scholars have not reached a consensus on the etiology and pathogenesis of MPS. Due to the lack of specific laboratory indicators and imaging evidence, there is no unified diagnostic criteria for MPS, making it easy to confuse with other diseases. The Chinese Association for the Study of Pain organized domestic experts to formulate this Chinese Pain Specialist Consensus on the diagnosis and treatment of MPS. This article reviews relevant domestic and foreign literature on the definition, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestation, diagnostic criteria and treatments of MPS. The consensus is intended to normalize the diagnosis and treatment of MPS and be used by first-line doctors, including pain physicians to manage patients with MPS.Chronic musculoskeletal pain (CMP) is a common occurrence in clinical practice and there are a variety of options for the treatment of it. However, the pharmacological therapy is still considered to be a primary treatment. The recent years have witnessed the emergence of opioid crisis, yet there are no relevant guidelines on how to treat CMP with non-opioid analgesics properly. The Chinese Medical Association for the Study of Pain convened a panel meeting to develop clinical practice consensus for the treatment of CMP with non-opioid analgesics. The purpose of this consensus is to present the application of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors, serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors, muscle relaxants, ion channel drugs and topical drugs in CMP.Lumbar disc herniation is a common disease in the clinical context and does great harm to either the physical or mental health of patients suffering from this disease. Many guidelines and consensus for the diagnosis and treatment of lumbar disc herniation have been published domestically and internationally. According to the expert consensus, clinicians could adopt tailored and personalized diagnosis and treatment management strategies for lumbar disc herniation patients.Spinal pain (SP) is a common condition that has a major negative impact on a patient's quality of life. Recent developments in ultrasound-guided injections for the treatment of SP are increasingly being used in clinical practice. This clinical expert consensus describes the purpose, significance, implementation methods, indications, contraindications, and techniques of ultrasound-guided injections. This consensus offers a practical reference point for physicians to implement successfully ultrasound-guided injections in the treatment of chronic SP.This consensus was compiled by first-line clinical experts in the field of pain medicine and was organized by the Chinese Association for the Study of Pain. To reach this consensus, we consulted a wide range of opinions and conducted in-depth discussions on the mechanism, indications, contraindications, operational specifications and adverse reactions of ozone iatrotechnique in the treatment of pain disorders. We also referred to related previous preclinical and clinical studies published in recent years worldwide. The purpose of this consensus is to standardize the rational application of ozone iatrotechnique in pain treatment, to improve its efficacy and safety and to reduce and prevent adverse reactions and complications in this process.Cervicogenic headache (CEH) has been recognized as a unique category of headache that can be difficult to diagnose and treat. In China, CEH patients are managed by many different specialties, and the treatment plans remain controversial. Therefore, there is a great need for comprehensive evidence-based Chinese experts' recommendations for the management of CEH. The Chinese Association for the Study of Pain asked an expert panel to develop recommendations for a series of questions that are essential for daily clinical management of patients with CEH. A group of multidisciplinary Chinese Association for the Study of Pain experts identified the clinically relevant topics in CEH. A systematic review of the literature was performed, and evidence supporting the benefits and harms for the management of CEH was summarized. Twenty-four recommendations were finally developed through expert consensus voting for evidence quality and recommendation strength. We hope this guideline provides direction for clinicians and patients making treatment decisions for the management of CEH.The Ministry of Health of China officially issued a document, adding the first level diagnosis and treatment discipline "Algology" in the list of diagnosis and treatment subjects of medical institutions on July 16, 2007. As the most important pain academic organization in China, the Chinese Association for the Study of Pain has made outstanding contributions in promoting the development of pain discipline and in establishing pain standards and disease diagnosis and treatment guidelines. In this special issue, under the leadership of Yan-Qing Liu, Chairman of the 7th Committee of the Chinese Association for the Study of Pain, nine consensus and one guideline were included.Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is the presence of clinical signs and/or symptoms of heart failure with a left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) ≥50%. Risk factors associated with this disease include hypertension, hyperlipidemia, atrial fibrillation (AF), obesity, diabetes and coronary artery disease (CAD). Despite the multiple risk factors identified for this condition, treatment and management remain challenging and a subject of ongoing research. Since a treatment approach that alters the natural course or lowers mortality for this disease has not been found, treating co-morbidities and symptom management is essential. From the comorbidities, hypertension is identified as the main risk factor for disease development. Thus, after congestive symptom control with diuretics, blood pressure (BP) management is considered one of the most important preventive measures and also a target for treatment. Amongst antihypertensives, angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) and aldosterone antagonists are the therapeutic agents used that have a role in reducing hospitalizations. Implantable monitoring devices have also been shown to reduce hospitalizations in comparison to standard heart failure therapies by allowing to tailor diuretic therapy based on ongoing hemodynamic data. In this manuscript we discuss pharmacologic strategies for HFpEF patients by risk factors, including those with and without a potential role.Pulmonary hypertension (PH) due to left heart disease is the most common etiology for PH. PH in patients with heart failure with reduced fraction (HFrEF) is associated with reduced functional capacity and increased mortality. PH-HFrEF can be isolated post-capillary or combined pre- and post-capillary PH. Chronic elevation of left-sided filling pressures may lead to reverse remodeling of the pulmonary vasculature with development of precapillary component of PH. Untreated PH in patients with HFrEF results in predominant right heart failure (RHF) with irreversible end-organ dysfunction. Management of PH-HFrEF includes diuretics, vasodilators like angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin-receptor blockers or angiotensin-receptor blocker-neprilysin inhibitors, hydralazine and nitrates. There is no role for pulmonary vasodilator use in patients with PH-HFrEF due to increased mortality in clinical trials. In patients with end-stage HFrEF and fixed PH unresponsive to vasodilator challenge, implantation of continuous-flow left ventricular assist device (cfLVAD) results in marked improvement in pulmonary artery pressures within 6 months due to left ventricular (LV) mechanical unloading.