Loganhogan7281

RESULTS A1 R showed predominant neuronal, A2A R astroglial, and ADK nuclear labeling in all regions but with significant variation. Compared with the low-risk group, the high-risk group had significantly lower A2A R LI in the temporal cortex. In HS cases with severe neuronal cell loss and gliosis predominantly in the CA1 and CA4 regions, significantly higher A1 R was present in the amygdala in high-risk than in low-risk cases. There was no significant difference in neuronal loss or gliosis between the risk groups or differences for ADK labeling. SIGNIFICANCE Reduced cortical A2A R suggests glial dysfunction and impaired adenosine modulation in response to seizures in patients at higher risk for SUDEP. Increased neuronal A1 R in the high-risk group could contribute to periictal amygdala dysfunction in SUDEP. © 2020 The Authors. learn more Epilepsia published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of International League Against Epilepsy.State-space models (SSMs) are a popular tool for modeling animal abundances. Inference difficulties for simple linear SSMs are well known, particularly in relation to simultaneous estimation of process and observation variances. Several remedies to overcome estimation problems have been studied for relatively simple SSMs, but whether these challenges and proposed remedies apply for nonlinear stage-structured SSMs, an important class of ecological models, is less well understood. Here we identify improvements for inference about nonlinear stage-structured SSMs fit with biased sequential life stage data. Theoretical analyses indicate parameter identifiability requires covariates in the state processes. Simulation studies show that plugging in externally estimated observation variances, as opposed to jointly estimating them with other parameters, reduces bias and standard error of estimates. In contrast to previous results for simple linear SSMs, strong confounding between jointly estimated process and observation variance parameters was not found in the models explored here. However, when observation variance was also estimated in the motivating case study, the resulting process variance estimates were implausibly low (near-zero). As SSMs are used in increasingly complex ways, understanding when inference can be expected to be successful, and what aids it, becomes more important. Our study illustrates (i) the need for relevant process covariates and (ii) the benefits of using externally estimated observation variances for inference about nonlinear stage-structured SSMs. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.PURPOSE To compare a novel oscillating-rotating (O-R) electric rechargeable toothbrush with micro-vibrations to a marketed premium sonic toothbrush for reduction of gingivitis and plaque in an 8-week randomized controlled trial. METHODS Adult subjects with evidence of gingivitis and plaque were randomized to use either the novel O-R brush (Oral-B iO) or the sonic brush with sodium fluoride dentifrice twice daily. Assessments at baseline and week 8 included the Rustogi Modification of the Navy Plaque Index (RMNPI), Modified Gingival Index (MGI), and Gingival Bleeding Index (GBI). Gingivitis status ('healthy'/'not healthy') was classified per the American Academy of Periodontology/European Federation of Periodontology criteria. RESULTS Ninety subjects were randomized to treatment and completed the study. Subjects had a mean age of 49.2 years; 68 were females. At baseline, the mean number (standard deviation [SD]) of bleeding sites for all subjects was 32.8 (16.43). At week 8, the O-R brush group had a higher percentage of 'healthy' gingiva subjects than the sonic brush group (84% vs. 53% P = 0.003). In the between-group comparisons at week 8, the O-R brush group showed statistically significantly greater reductions (P  less then  0.001) compared to the sonic group for MGI, GBI, and number of bleeding sites. The O-R brush group also had statistically significantly greater plaque removal (P ≤ 0.011) than the sonic brush group for whole mouth plaque as well as plaque in the proximal regions and along the gingival margin. CONCLUSIONS The novel O-R electric toothbrush with micro-vibrations provided greater plaque and gingivitis reductions than the marketed premium sonic toothbrush over 8 weeks. © 2020 FDI World Dental Federation.PURPOSE A novel oscillating-rotating electric toothbrush (Oral-B iO) has been developed with a linear magnetic drive, resulting in oscillation-rotations with micro-vibrations. The mechanism directs motor energy directly to the bristle tips. The brush also has a redesigned round brush head and smart pressure sensor to enhance plaque removal and encourage proper brushing technique. METHODS The plaque removal and gingival health effects of this new electric toothbrush technology were evaluated in three randomized controlled studies summarized in this supplement, including an 8-week trial versus a manual toothbrush, an 8-week trial versus a premium sonic toothbrush, and a single-brushing, repetitive-use study versus a manual toothbrush. RESULTS Outcomes from these studies demonstrate statistically significantly greater plaque removal and gingival health improvements for the Oral-B iO toothbrush technology versus manual and sonic toothbrush controls. Plaque removal advantages demonstrated in the replicate-use single-brushing trial resulted in significant gingival health benefits as evidenced in the longer-term trials. In addition, gingivitis case status assessments based on the American Academy of Periodontology (AAP) and European Federation of Periodontology (EFP) guidelines show that over 80% of subjects using the Oral-B iO transitioned from 'gingivitis' (≥10% bleeding sites) at baseline to 'generally healthy' ( less then 10% bleeding sites) at week 8 in both longer-term clinical trials, versus 24% in the manual toothbrush group and 53% in the sonic toothbrush group. CONCLUSIONS This uniquely designed oscillating-rotating electric toothbrush with a linear magnetic drive delivers significantly greater plaque removal and gingival health benefits with additional features to improve brushing experience and clinical outcomes. © 2020 FDI World Dental Federation.