Lodbergboysen2759

Regions with strain-specific differences in chromatin accessibility were significantly enriched for BTBR genetic variants, such that an average of 22% of the differential chromatin regions had at least one variant. Together, these results demonstrate that BTBR genetic variants contribute to altered chromatin responsiveness to endotoxin challenge resulting in hyper-responsive innate immunity in BTBR. These findings provide evidence for an interaction between complex genetic variants and differential epigenetic regulation of innate immune responses.Western diet (WD) feeding disrupts core clock gene expression in peripheral tissues and contributes to WD-induced metabolic disease. The hippocampus, the mammalian center for memory, is also sensitive to WD feeding, but whether the WD disrupts its core clock is unknown. To this end, male mice were maintained on a WD for 16 weeks and diurnal metabolism, gene expression and memory were assessed. WD-induced obesity disrupted the diurnal rhythms of whole-body metabolism, markers of inflammation and hepatic gene expression, but did not disrupt diurnal expression of hypothalamic Bmal1, Npas2 and Per2. However, all measured core clock genes were disrupted in the hippocampus after WD feeding and the expression pattern of genes implicated in Alzheimer's disease and synaptic function were altered. Finally, WD feeding disrupted hippocampal memory in a task- and time-dependent fashion. Our results implicate WD-induced alterations in the rhythmicity of hippocampal gene expression in the etiology of diet-induced memory deficits.This article describes how to obtain reliable data during rheological analysis of active pharmaceutical ingredient/fatty acid suspensions. These materials are specifically used for prilling, an innovative pharmaceutical technique for the production of a multiparticulate dosage form. Nevertheless, presented guidelines are applicable for a wide range of pharmaceutical suspensions. Reliable rheological results can only be obtained when being aware of artefacts, such as a non-continuous medium, sedimentation, apparent wall slip and protrusion flow. To comply with the continuum hypothesis at high phase volumes (≥25% w/w), the required gap-to-particle-size ratio may be larger than the generally accepted 101 ratio. Reproducible flow curves that are not disturbed by sedimentation during sample analysis can be obtained faster by varying the shear rate stepwise from high to low values. While apparent wall slip (at low shear rates) can be prevented via serrated instead of smooth plates, protrusion flow (at high shear rates) during measurements with serrated plates results in non-reliable data. Therefore, in general, high viscous suspensions with yield stress can be analysed with serrated plates, while low viscous suspensions without yield stress should be analysed with geometries having smooth surfaces. By following these guidelines, accurate rheological properties of pharmaceutical suspensions can be obtained.Wetting is the initial stage of wet granulation processes during which the first contact between the powder and the liquid occurs. Wetting is a critical step to allow granule growth and consolidation, but also to ensure uniform active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) distribution over all granule size fractions. A physical understanding of the wetting stage is therefore crucial to design a robust granulation process. SP-2577 cell line In twin-screw granulation, wetting is physically separated from granule consolidation, growth, breakage and attrition. The present study used this particularity to investigate the wetting step in such a way that the fundamental mechanisms governing the wetting can be linked and understood. A modified granulator barrel was used allowing the collection of granules immediately after the wetting. A low drug-loaded pharmaceutical formulation containing a poorly soluble and poorly wettable API was used for this investigation. Granules obtained after the wetting zone were analysed for granule size distribution, API distribution over the different size fractions and granule temperature. It was found that "wetting efficiency" (i.e., fraction of powder being nucleated during the wetting stage) could be predicted using an energy balance based on in-line measurement of the granule temperature. Wetting efficiency could moreover be linked to final granule quality attributes (i.e., granule size distribution) at the outlet of the granulator. It was further demonstrated that granule growth and consolidation could only be achieved when complete wetting was achieved in the wetting zone of the granulator. This study suggested a methodology based on in-line temperature measurements to quickly determine wetting efficiency. The described methodology could therefore be used as a tool to gain more fundamental understanding of the wetting stage during twin-screw granulation as well as to define suitable formulation and process ranges for further granulation process development.In this study, a high capacity-high release transdermal patch was conducted with COOH polyacrylate polymer (PA-1) and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), which were characterized using miscibility study, in vitro drug release, drug skin absorption studies in vitro and in vivo. And ibuprofen with the highest cargo loading capacity was chosen as a model drug to investigate innovative molecular mechanism, which was proposed based on ion-ion repulsion and hydrogen bond by FT-IR, Raman, 13C NMR and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Drug loading and skin absorption in PA-1 was improved up to 2.4 and 2.5 times, respectively. The hydrogen bond formed between drug (COOH) and PA-1 (COOH) was weaken by repulsive interaction using FT-IR and Raman spectra, and molecular mobility of PA-1 was elevated by dielectric spectroscopy. And COO- was confirmed as molecular basis of repulsion in PA-1 through new peak appearance (α-carbon of COOH 77.22 ppm) of 13C NMR and 9% increased carbonyl content in XPS spectra. It was further confirmed by enhanced conductivity of PA-1 with dielectric spectroscopy, EPR spectra, four-point probe method and molecular modeling by appearance of COO-. In conclusion, our results revealed that ion-ion repulsion decreased hydrogen bonding to construct a high capacity-high release patch.