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CONCLUSION The high numbers of participants detected with hypertension and the relatively large proportion of participants on antihypertensive treatment but with uncontrolled hypertension reinforces the importance of this annual event in our continent, to raise awareness of the prevention of cardiovascular events.We observed several cases of hypotension associated with high-dose dacarbazine. We conducted a retrospective observational analysis of all patients treated with high-dose dacarbazine from January 2018 to August 2019 in Oscar Lambret Center, Lille, France. In our study, a total of 23 patients in outpatient care were analyzed, they underwent 57 treatment cycles. We observed 8 episodes of hypotension in 7 of the 23 consecutive treated patients (30.4%). selleck compound We discuss herein several hypotheses explaining dacarbazine-induced hypotension. Dacarbazine high dose and administration methods seem to be the main causes of hypotension adverse events. Administration methods include administration duration, which should be above 2 hours, concomitant hydration with 500 ml 0.9% sodium chloride, and UV-resistant pump tube downstream the administration tree.Immune checkpoint inhibitors have become the mainstay of treatment for metastatic melanoma. This article presents a new case of acquired generalised lipodystrophy (AGL) during anti-programmed cell death-1 (anti-PD-1) therapy and a systematic review of the literature with an aim to further understand the pathogenesis. A comprehensive search was conducted using PubMed, Embase, MEDLINE and Cochrane Central databases. We identified four cases of lipodystrophy associated with anti-PD-1 immunotherapy, including our own. Of these, three were associated with nivolumab, and one with pembrolizumab. Body composition changes occurred at a median of 7 months after anti-PD-1 initiation. All cases reported AGL, with subcutaneous fat loss affecting majority of the body. There were three reported cases of insulin resistance associated with AGL. AGL should be a recognised adverse event associated with anti-PD-1 therapy.Artificial intelligence (AI) is a broad field of computational science that includes many subsets. Today the most widely used subset in medical imaging is machine learning (ML). Many articles have focused on the use of ML for pattern recognition to detect and potentially diagnose various pathologies. However, AI algorithm development is now directed toward workflow management. AI can impact patient care at multiple stages of their imaging experience and assist in efficient and effective scheduling, imaging performance, worklist prioritization, image interpretation, and quality assurance. The purpose of this manuscript was to review the potential AI applications in radiology focusing on workflow management and discuss how ML will affect cardiothoracic imaging.BACKGROUND Adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART) is imperative for viral suppression and reducing HIV transmission, but many people living with HIV report difficultly sustaining long-term adherence. Long-acting injectable (LAI) ART has the potential to transform HIV treatment and prevention. However, little LAI ART-related behavioral research has occurred among women, particularly outside of clinical trials. SETTING Six Women's Interagency HIV Study (WIHS) sites New York, Chicago, Washington DC, Atlanta, Chapel Hill, and San Francisco. METHODS We conducted 59 in-depth interviews with women living with HIV across six WIHS sites (10 per site; 9 at Washington DC). We interviewed women were who were not included in LAI ART clinical trials, but who receive care at university settings that will administer LAI ART once it is approved. Interviews were recorded, transcribed, and analyzed using thematic content analysis. RESULTS Most women enthusiastically endorsed monthly LAI ART and would prefer it over pills. Three reasons emerged for this preference 1) convenience and confidentiality; 2) avoiding daily reminders about living with HIV; and 3) believing that shots are more effective than pills. Challenges remain, however, specifically around 1) medical mistrust; 2) concerns about safety and effectiveness; 3) pill burden for HIV and other conditions; and 4) barriers to additional medical visits. CONCLUSION Most women preferred LAI ART over daily pills given its benefits including convenience, privacy, and perceived effectiveness. Future research should incorporate more women into LAI ART trials in order to better understand and align development with user concerns and preferences in order to enhance uptake.BACKGROUND Reduced bone mineral mass by dual x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) is reported in children living with HIV (CLWH), but few studies of bone microarchitecture, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa, have been conducted. Here, we compare bone architecture and strength in black South African CLWH and uninfected control children by peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT). SETTING and Methods 172 CLWH on antiretroviral therapy (ART) and 98 controls in the CHANGES Bone Study in Johannesburg, South Africa received pQCT scans of the radius and tibia. Measurements included trabecular and cortical volumetric BMD (vBMD) and bone strength, estimated by the polar strength strain index (SSI), a validated measure of fracture risk. RESULTS CLWH (51% male) and controls (63% male) were an average of 10.4 years of age. Mean ART duration for CLWH was 9.5 years, with 70.9% on an efavirenz-based, 28.5% on a lopinavir/ritonavir-based, and 1 child on an atazanavir/ritonavir-based regimen. Male CLWH had lower trabecular vBMD at the radius than controls after adjustment for age, radial length, and Tanner stage (β=-17.3, SE=7.2, p=0.018). Bone strength by polar SSI was lower in CLWH than controls (778 vs. 972 mm, p less then 0.01). CLWH on a LPV/r-based regimen had lower trabecular vBMD (199 vs. 222 mg/cm, p less then 0.001) and cortical vBMD (1074 vs. 1093 mg/cm, p=0.004) than those on an efavirenz-based regimen. No difference in bone strength by polar SSI was observed between treatment groups. CONCLUSION CLWH initiated on ART early in life with well-controlled HIV have deficits in bone architecture and reductions in bone strength as detected by pQCT.INTRODUCTION Heterosexual men are not considered a key population in the HIV response and are mostly absent from pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) studies to-date. Yet South African men face considerable HIV risk. We estimate the incremental cost-effectiveness of providing oral PrEP, injectable PrEP, or a combination of both to heterosexual South African men to assess if providing PrEP would efficiently use resources. METHODS Epidemiological and costing models estimated the one-year costs and outcomes associated with PrEP use in three scenarios. PrEP uptake was estimated for younger (aged 18-24) and older (aged 25-49) men using a discrete choice experiment. Scenarios were compared to a baseline scenario of male condom use, while a health system perspective was used to estimate discounted lifetime costs averted per HIV infection. PrEP benefit was estimated in disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) averted. Uncertainty around the estimated incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs) were assessed using deterministic and probabilistic sensitivity analyses. RESULTS No PrEP intervention scenarios were cost-effective for both age-groups at a willingness-to-pay threshold of $1,175/DALY averted. The lowest ICER ($2,873/DALY averted) was for the provision of oral PrEP to older men, although probability of cost-effectiveness was just .26%. Results found that ICERs were sensitive to HIV incidence and antiretroviral coverage. CONCLUSION This study estimates that providing PrEP to heterosexual South African men is not cost-effective at current cost-effectiveness thresholds. Given the ICERs' sensitivity to several variables, alongside the heterogeneity of HIV infection among South African men, PrEP may be cost-effective for older men with high incidence and other subgroups based on locality and race. We recommend further investigation to better identify and target these groups.INTRODUCTION Men who have sex with men (MSM) in the United States (US) are disproportionately affected by HIV. We estimated the impact of past interventions and contribution of different population groups to incident MSM HIV infections. SETTING Baltimore, US METHODS We used a deterministic model, parameterised and calibrated to demographic and epidemic Baltimore MSM data, to estimate the fraction of HIV infections among MSM averted by condoms and antiretroviral therapy (ART) over 1984-2017 and the fraction of infections acquired and transmission contributed by MSM from different demographic groups and disease and care continuum stages over 10-year periods from 1988 to 2017, using population attributable fractions (PAFs). RESULTS Condom use and ART averted 19% (95% uncertainty interval 14-25%) and 23% (15-31%) of HIV infections that would have occurred since 1984 and 1996, respectively. Over 2008-2017, 46% (41-52%) of incident infections were acquired by, and 35% (27-49%) of transmissions contributed by MSM aged 18-24 years old (who constitute 27% of all MSM, 19% of HIV+ MSM). MSM with undiagnosed HIV infection, those with diagnosed infection but not in care, and those on ART contributed to 41% (31-54%), 46% (25-56%), and 14% (7-28%) of transmissions, respectively. CONCLUSION Condoms and ART have modestly impacted the HIV epidemic among Baltimore MSM to date. Interventions reaching MSM with diagnosed infection who are not in care should be implemented since the largest percentage of HIV transmissions among Baltimore MSM are attributed to this group.The relationship between passive smoking and the onset of Legg-Calvè-Perthes disease is still controversial. Therefore, we concluded the study to systematically evaluate and analyze the relationship. A comprehensive search was conducted. Meta-analysis was performed with RevMan 5.3 software, with the odds ratio as the effect size. Eight English articles with a total of 1379 Legg-Calvè-Perthes disease patients were eventually included. Passive smoking type of family members smoking in indoor (odds ratio = 2.53), paternal smoking (odds ratio = 2.76), maternal smoking (odds ratio = 2.02), maternal smoking during pregnancy (odds ratio = 1.68), using stove indoor (odds ratio = 2.56) are statistically significant (P 20 per day) and the type of maternal smoking during pregnancy (odds ratio = 1.36, for 1-9 per day; odds ratio = 2.02, for ≥10 per day) may show a dose-effect relationship. Passive smoking is a risk factor for the onset of Legg-Calvè-Perthes disease, but the specific types of passive smoking (haze, etc.), dose, dose-effect relationship, regional confounding, pathological mechanisms, etc. also require clinicians and researchers to continue exploring.PURPOSE OF REVIEW Lyme disease is an important, vector-borne infection found throughout the temperate Northern hemisphere. The disease causes rash, acute systemic illness, and in some untreated patients, inflammatory arthritis. This review examines the emergence, clinical features and management of early Lyme disease and Lyme arthritis. RECENT FINDINGS There has been continuing progress in characterizing the clinical manifestations, diagnostic testing and treatment of Lyme disease. Almost all patients with early Lyme disease can be cured with antibiotic treatment. In most cases, Lyme arthritis also responds to antibiotics, but some patients require additional treatment approaches. SUMMARY The diagnosis of Lyme disease is based on clinical manifestations and adjunctive laboratory testing. For the rheumatologist, Lyme arthritis should be recognized by a pattern of attacks of asymmetric, oligo-arthritis, recognizable by clinical manifestations in the same way that other rheumatic diseases, such as gout or rheumatoid arthritis, are diagnosed.