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Increased incidence of Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI), occurrence of severe and complicated CDI, and more frequent occurrence of drug-resistant, recurrent or non-hospital CDI has become a worldwide clinical problem. CDI is more common in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) than in the general population. CDI seems to be associated with frequent hospitalization, frequently used antibiotic therapy, dysbiosis, and abnormalities of the immune system observed in CKD patients. Dysbiosis is a common disorder found in CKD patients. It may be related to insufficient fiber content in the diet, reduced amount of consumed fluids and often reduced physical activity, constipation, impaired gastrointestinal motility, multidrug pharmacotherapy, and uremic milieu in CKD stage 5. In patients with CKD the clinical manifestations of CDI are similar to the general population; however, more frequent recurrence of CDI and higher prevalence of severe CDI are reported. Moreover, the increase in CDI related mortality is observed more in CKD patients than in the general population. The aim of this review paper is to summarize the current knowledge concerning the epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical picture, and prevention and treatment in CKD patients.Autophagy flux is the rate at which cytoplasmic components are degraded through the entire autophagy pathway and is often measured by monitoring the clearance rate of autophagosomes. The specific means by which autophagy targets specific cargo has recently gained major attention due to the role of autophagy in human pathologies, where specific proteinaceous cargo is insufficiently recruited to the autophagosome compartment, albeit functional autophagy activity. In this context, the dynamic interplay between receptor proteins such as p62/Sequestosome-1 and neighbour of BRCA1 gene 1 (NBR1) has gained attention. However, the extent of receptor protein recruitment and subsequent clearance alongside autophagosomes under different autophagy activities remains unclear. Here, we dissect the concentration-dependent and temporal impact of rapamycin and spermidine exposure on receptor recruitment, clearance and autophagosome turnover over time, employing micropatterning. Our results reveal a distinct autophagy activity response profile, where the extent of autophagosome and receptor co-localisation does not involve the total pool of either entities and does not operate in similar fashion. These results suggest that autophagosome turnover and specific cargo clearance are distinct entities with inherent properties, distinctively contributing towards total functional autophagy activity. These findings are of significance for future studies where disease specific protein aggregates require clearance to preserve cellular proteostasis and viability and highlight the need of discerning and better tuning autophagy machinery activity and cargo clearance.If regularity in data takes the form of higher-order functions among groups of variables, models which are biased towards lower-order functions may easily mistake the data for noise. To distinguish whether this is the case, one must be able to quantify the contribution of different orders of dependence to the total information. Recent work in information theory attempts to do this through measures of multivariate mutual information (MMI) and information decomposition (ID). Despite substantial theoretical progress, practical issues related to tractability and learnability of higher-order functions are still largely unaddressed. In this work, we introduce a new approach to information decomposition-termed Neural Information Decomposition (NID)-which is both theoretically grounded, and can be efficiently estimated in practice using neural networks. We show on synthetic data that NID can learn to distinguish higher-order functions from noise, while many unsupervised probability models cannot. Additionally, we demonstrate the usefulness of this framework as a tool for exploring biological and artificial neural networks.In the last few years, interest has grown in the use of nucleic acids as an ocular therapy for retinal genetic diseases. Recently, our research group has demonstrated that mRNA delivery could result in effective protein expression in ocular cells following subretinal injection. Yet, although mRNA therapy comes with many advantages, its immunogenicity resulting in hampered mRNA translation delays development to the clinic. Therefore, several research groups investigate possible strategies to reduce this innate immunity. In this study, we focus on B18R, an immune inhibitor to suppress the mRNA-induced innate immune responses in two ocular cell types. We made use of retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells and Müller cells both as immortalized cell lines and primary bovine cells. When cells were co-incubated with both B18R and mRNA-MessengerMAX lipoplexes we observed an increase in transfection efficiency accompanied by a decrease in interferon-β production, except for the Müller cells. Moreover, uptake efficiency and cell viability were not hampered. Taken together, we showed that the effect of B18R is cell type-dependent but remains a possible strategy to improve mRNA translation in RPE cells.There are two molecular processes that are essential for living bodies to maintain their life the molecular recognition, and the self-organization or self-assembly. Binding of a substrate by an enzyme is an example of the molecular recognition, while the protein folding is a good example of the self-organization process. The two processes are further governed by the other two physicochemical processes solvation and the structural fluctuation. In the present article, the studies concerning the two molecular processes carried out by Hirata and his coworkers, based on the statistical mechanics of molecular liquids or the RISM/3D-RISM theory, are reviewed.Electrical enabling motor control (eEmc) through transcutaneous spinal cord stimulation is a non-invasive method that can modify the functional state of the sensory-motor system. We hypothesize that eEmc delivery, together with hand training, improves hand function in healthy subjects more than either intervention alone by inducing plastic changes at spinal and cortical levels. Ten voluntary participants were included in the following three interventions (i) hand grip training, (ii) eEmc, and (iii) eEmc with hand training. click here Functional evaluation included the box and blocks test (BBT) and hand grip maximum voluntary contraction (MVC), spinal and cortical motor evoked potential (sMEP and cMEP), and resting motor thresholds (RMT), short interval intracortical inhibition (SICI), and F wave in the abductor pollicis brevis muscle. eEmc combined with hand training retained MVC and increased F wave amplitude and persistency, reduced cortical RMT and facilitated cMEP amplitude. In contrast, eEmc alone only increased F wave amplitude, whereas hand training alone reduced MVC and increased cortical RMT and SICI.